Urography technique

Riccabona M (2002a) Potential of modern techniques in paediatric uroradiology. Eur J Radiol 43 110-121 Riccabona M, Simbrunner J, Ring E et al (2002b) Feasibility of MR-urography in neonates and infants with anomalies of the upper urinary tract. Eur J Radiol 12 1442-1450 Riebel TW, Nasir R, Weber K (1993) US-guided hydrostatic reduction of intussusception in children. Radiology 188 513-516... 

In recent years, concepts and techniques pertaining to CT urography (CTU) and MR urography (MRU) have been evolving. As the technology continues to improve, CTU and MRU will combine CT and MRI with the ultimate diagnostic capabilities of intravenous urography. 

In conclusion, CT and MR urography post-processing techniques are able to offer a precise, noninvasive anatomical definition of the entire urinary tract with both external and endoluminal points of view, and also help to extract the most relevant and useful diagnostic information, particularly in surgical planning. 

Nolte-Ernsting CC, Adam GB, Gunther RW (2001) MR urography examination techniques and clinical applications. Eur Radiol 11 355-372... 

MR techniques like MR angiography and urography have an improved spatial and temporal resolution and are therefore increasingly used for the workup of the urinary tract and the kidneys. 

Hattery R, King BF (1995) Technique and application of MR urography. Radiology 194 25-27 Helin 1, Persson PH (1986) Prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities by ultrasound. Pediatrics 78 879-883 Hendry PJ, Hendry GMA (1991) Observations on the use of Doppler ultrasound in multicystic dysplastic kidneys. Pediatr Radiol 21 203-204... 

If surgery is chosen, the morphology of the urinary tract must be assessed. Intravenous urography (IVU) used to be performed for this purpose. However, it is an irradiating technique that requires injection of contrast material. Also, the poorer the function, the poorer the opacification of the dilated urinary tract will be. Therefore, nowadays more and more authors advocate the use of MR urography for the assessment of a dilated urinary tract (Fig. 13.20) (Nolte et al. 1992 Borthne 1999). Furosemide is usually injected in order to increase the diuresis and to optimize the visualization of the urinary tract. T2... 

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