Uranus giant planets

Our solar system consists of the Sun, the planets and their moon satellites, asteroids (small planets), comets, and meteorites. The planets are generally divided into two categories Earth-like (terrestrial) planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and Giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Little is known about Pluto, the most remote planet from Earth. 

The gas giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The planet Pluto has a status of its own, and has recently been renamed a dwarf planet. 

Although Uranus and Neptune also belong to the group of gas giant planets, they are constructed differently from Jupiter and Saturn ... 

To the accuracy of the measurement of molecular weights for the giant planets, only hydrogen and helium have significant abundances. The relative proportions of these elements, expressed as the molar fraction He/H, are 0.068+0.002 for Jupiter, 0.068+0.013 for Saturn, 0.076+0.016 for Uranus, and 0.100+0.016 for Neptune (Lunine, 2004). None of these ratios are like those of the nebula (0.085, Table 4.1). 

Models of the interiors of the giant planets depend on assumed temperature-pressure-density relationships that are not very well constrained. Models for Jupiter and Saturn feature concentric layers (from the outside inward) of molecular hydrogen, metallic hydrogen, and ice, perhaps with small cores of rock (rocky cores are permissible but not required by current data). Uranus and Neptune models are similar, except that there is no metallic hydrogen, the interior layers of ice are thicker, and the rocky cores are relatively larger. 

Isotopic abundances for hydrogen have been measured in giant planet atmospheres, as shown in Figure 14.11. The D/H ratios in Jupiter and Saturn are similar to those in the Sun, but lower than those in the Earth s oceans or in comets. D/H ratios in Uranus and Neptune... 

Modern telescopic and spacecraft study of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, their properties, and their systems of rings, moons, and magnetospheres, has been the purview of the planetary scientist with little connection to the universe beyond until 1995, when the first extrasolar giant planet was discovered. Now the solar system s giants are the best-studied example of a class of some 100 objects which—while only one has been measured for size and hence density—may be present 10% of Sun-like stars. 

How do giant planets form Two different models, disk instability versus core accretion followed by gas collapse, are viable. They require very different timescales, have very different implications for satellite formation and internal composition, and may have implications for the ubiquity of giant planets and terrestrial planets around other stars. The formation of Uranus and Neptune is even less well understood, and no agreement exists as to whether these are stillborn Jupiters or the product of a distinct kind of formation process. 

What are the detailed internal structures of the giant planets and how are the magnetic fields generated While the separation of helium from hydrogen seems to be assured for Saturn, it is unclear to what extent this occurs in Jupiter. Further, the distribution of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium remains unclear in Jupiter and Saturn, in part because of equation-of-state uncertainties. The interiors of Uranus and Nepmne are even less certain. For these reasons, and because of uncertainties in dynamo theory, the specific details of the magnetic field... 

The four giant planets have hydrogen- and helium-rich compositions reminiscent of the Sun, but all of them clearly depart from strict solar composition in that their densities are too high and the few heavier elements whose tropospheric abundances can be measured all show clear evidence of enrichment. For all four giant planets we have spectroscopic compositional data on the few compounds that remain uncondensed in the visible portion of their atmospheres, above their main cloud layers. These include ammonia, methane, phosphine, and germane. For Jupiter, these volatile elements (C, N, S, P and Ge) are enriched relative to their solar abundances by about a factor of five. For Saturn, with no detection of germane, the enhancement of C, N, and P is about a factor of 10. For Uranus and Neptune the methane enrichment factor is at least 60, consonant with their much higher uncompressed densities. 

Table 1 compares physical parameters of the planetary atmospheres discussed below. We separate these into two groups (1) the terrestrial planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars), and (2) the gas giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Properties for the terrestrial planets are given at the observed surface conditions. Properties for the gas giant planets, which do not have observable solid surfaces, are given at the 1 bar atmospheric level. 

Abstract. We present a historical review of polarimetric observations of planetary atmospheres, comets, atmosphereless solar system bodies, and terrestrial materials. We highlight the study of physical and optical parameters of planetary atmospheres. Polarimetric observations of the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn have made it possible to determine the real part of the refractive index and the cumulative size distribution function for the constituent cloud layers. We describe a simple and reliable method of quantifying absorptive cloud layers of the giant planets and predict the vertical stracture of aerosol layers of planetaiy atmospheres based on the analysis of observational spectropolarimetric data of contours of molecular absorption bands at the center of the planetaiy disk. The method is effective only when experimental data exist in a broad interval of phase angles. Using this method we can determine aerosol sizes in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune. 

The outer or giant planets - Jupiter. Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - are massive low-density bodies with a rocky core surrounded by deep layers consisting mainly of solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrogen and helium. They are much further from the sun and therefore much cooler. All have large numbers of satellites Jupiter has at least 63 Saturn at least 61 Uranus 27 and Neptune 13. The outer planets also have ring systems composed of smaller bodies, rocks, dust, and ice particles. 

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