Leads augmented unipolar

Goldberger E. A simple, indifferent, electrocardiographic electrode of zero potential and a technique of obtaining augmented, unipolar, extremity leads. Am. Heart J. 23 483,1942. 

Because this is an unsolvable problem, the ideal unipolar lead does not exist. Nonideal solutions are to use one electrode at some remote point (e.g., at a limb or an earlobe). Another solution is to add the voltages picked up by more than one electrode, such as two limb electrodes (augmented leads) or three limb electrodes (Wilson central terminal). 

The voltage was later boosted creating the augmented voltage leads known as aVR, aVL and aVF. Subsequently the six unipolar chest leads were also created to view the heart from the frontal plane in a horizontal view (Fig. 2.6). 

May be unipolar and thus need only a positive electrode (augmented leads aVp, aVL, aVp). 

Include three unipolar augmented limb leads (aVj, aVL, and aVp). 

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