Uniform proton charge distribution

The use of Gaussian spinors in relativistic electronic structure calculations the effect of the boundary of the finite nucleus of uniform proton charge distribution. Chem. Phys., 225 (1997) 239-246. 

Nuclei with a spin number 7 of one or higher have a nonspherical charge distribution. This asymmetry is described by an electrical quadrupole moment, which, as we shall see later, affects the relaxation time and, consequently, the linewidth of the signal and coupling with neighboring nuclei. In quantum mechanical terms, the spin number 7 determines the number of orientations a nucleus may assume in an external uniform magnetic field in accordance with the formula 27+1. We are concerned with the proton whose spin number 7 is 1/2. 

The assumption of a uniform charge distribution is clearly unphysical, as the protons within the nuclear charge distribution repel one another and are therefore more likely to be located near the nuclear boundary. Nuclear models are therefore likely to lie between the uniform distribution at one extreme and a spherical surface charge distribution on r = R at the other. This distribution has... 

As mentioned, the reaction distribution is the main effect on the catalyst-layer scale. Because of the facile kinetics (i.e., low charge-transfer resistance) compared to the ionic resistance of proton movement for the HOR, the reaction distribution in the anode is a relatively sharp front next to the membrane. This can be seen in analyzing Figure 10, and it means that the catalyst layer should be relatively thin in order to utilize the most catalyst and increase the efficiency of the electrode. It also means that treating the anode catalyst layer as an interface is valid. On the other hand, the charge-transfer resistance for the ORR is relatively high, and thus, the reaction distribution is basically uniform across the cathode. This means... 

Molecules with equal numbers of protons and electrons are not charged. But the distribution of electrons in three dimensions need not be uniform in the molecule with respect to the distribution of the nuclei. In this case, the distribution of negative charge in a molecule may be different from the distribution of positive charge, and the molecule has one or more bond dipole moments, the magnitude of which depends on these distributions. The more uneven the distributions of charge in space, the more polar the molecule is.3... 

AFS has been used in the investigation of conductivity in polymers, namely PANI and its derivatives (POEA and POMA). The degree of protonation and the conductivity vary within the PANI class, which is attributed to differences in conformation of the polymer chains and packing in a film. The mechanisms of charge conduction are still not completely understood, precisely because of the diversity of factors affecting conductivity. It is, nevertheless, widely accepted that in the PANI structure the doped molecules are not uniformly distributed, but rather agglomerated into conducting islands. In a systematic... 

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