Uncoupled conditions

Coupling of diffusion and rotation applies to benzene (29) and water (80, 31) on NaX as well as for pure water (ice) (1, 32). For solid benzene however there is easy rotation about the hexad axis (28), as well as for benzene adsorbed on charcoal (33) and silica gel (34)- This author suspects that in the 13-X structure there is a three- (nearly six-) fold potential into which the benzene molecules nest nicely, most likely above the soda-lite unit. The uncoupled condition applies to SF6 and cyclohexane in NaX, as well as in the solid. Rotation temperatures are given in Table II. 

In order to solve Equations (3.24), (3.28) and (3.33), a number of uncoupled conditions equal to the number of unknowns need to be specified at the boundaries... 

The Stlffness/Geometric parameter Y which defines the "severity" of the bending-wave dispersion characteristic between coupled and uncoupled conditions. Y and the loss factor T 2 of the viscoelastic layer determine the maximum system damping for the treatment. 

Fig. 6.1. Influence of uncoupling conditions on the ATP and PP, content of rat liver mitochondria O, ATP content , PP, content , rate of respiration (redrawn from Ref. 73).

When two metals or alloys are joined such that electron transfer can occur between them and they are placed in an electrolyte, the electrochemical system so produced is called a galvanic couple. Coupling causes the corrosion potentials and corrosion current densities to change, frequently significantly, from the values for the two metals in the uncoupled condition. The magnitude of the shift in these values depends on the electrode kinetics parameters, i0 and (3, of the cathodic and anodic reactions and the relative magnitude of the areas of the two metals. The effect also depends on the resistance of the electrochemical cir-... 

Corrosion of the bolts and frames must be considered for those geometries using self loading, such as by bolts in b, c, g, and i or by frames in a, d, and f. Corrosion products from the supports can affect the corrosion of the test specimens, and particularly, galvanic coupling between dissimilar metals could shift the corrosion potential of the test specimen from the value that it would have under uncoupled conditions. 

The intersections of the respective anodic dissolution exudes and hydrogen evolution curves give the corrosion potentials and corrosion rates of M and N, j corr.M. and icorr,N. hi the uncoupled condition. 

Fig. 1 shows one kinetic of deactivation of the hydrolysis activity obtained in fully uncoupled conditions and in the absence of added nucleotides in the medium. The initial rates of ATP-hydrolysis are in this case measured in the presence of pyruvate kinase (15U/ml) and PEP (O.SmM) to recycle the new- synthesized ADP. In these conditions the deactivation process is biphasic with half times of 17 [Pg.2040]

FIGURE 1. Kinetic of deactivation of the hydrolysis activity in fully uncoupled conditions and in the absence of exogenous nucleotides. 

We have shown [1] that when the ATPase deactivates 10s in the absence of ApH and exogenous nucleotides, the affinity for ADP as inhibitor increases when compared to that found when ADP is added concomitantly with ATP and uncoupling. In this case hydrolysis rates were measured in the absence of the regenerating system. Fig.3. shows such inhibition curves ADP at variable concentrations is added with ATP (SOO M) after 10s of deactivation in fully uncoupled conditions. One can observe that increasing the phosphate concentration protects the enzyme against ADP inhibition at least in the small concentrations range (0-lOiiM). 

Uncoupled conditions resemble those of activated ATP synthesis and therefore an increased H/e ratio of approx. 2.5 should also be observed in the case of activated ATP synthesis (supposed extreme high light intensity of 1000 Wm-2 is excluded). This means that H/ATP ratios of 3 which have been based on H/e values of 2 should be corrected... 

Fig. 7. Sound pressure levels in the interior for coupled and uncoupled conditions between substructure and the noise transmitting stiffened sidewall.

Galvanic corrosion (also called "dissimilar metal corrosion" or wrongly "electrolysis") refers to corrosion damage induced when two dissimilar materials are coupled in a corrosive electrolyte. In a bimetallic couple, the less noble material becomes the anode and tends to corrode at an accelerated rate, compared with the uncoupled condition and the more noble material will act as the cathode in the corrosion cell. 

In the preceding discussions, a Ictrge number of forces, both external and internal to the separation system, have been identified and described briefly. Note that any force so identified was, for example, specific to molecules of the ith species. However, it is known that forces specific to the jA species can also affect the motion of molecules of the ith species. For the immediate objectives in the paragraphs that follow, these effects are ignored by assuming uncoupled conditions molecules of species i in a stagnant fluid move only due to forces specific to the ith species similarly for the jth species. It is further assumed that the conditions are not too far removed from equilibrium (see the introduction to Section 3.3 and Sections 3.3.1-3.3.6 for descriptions of equilibrium conditions) therefore thermodynamic quantities (defined only for equilibrium conditions) can be used to described nonequilibrium conditions where a net transport of molecules of species i exist due to external and internal forces. For illustrative purposes, an expression for the total driving force Fp on... 

Shock compression of piezoelectric solids, even under short-circuit conditions, causes large electric fields of varying amplitude and polarity within the material. In the uncoupled approximation to the solution of the short-circuit... 

The specimen design used in the study by Rostoker et al. was such that it simulated both galvanic coupling and crevice conditions. Specimens were immersed in a 1% saline solution at 37 C, and examined by optical microscopy after exposures of a few to 100 days. No corrosion was observed on Ti-6A1-4V when the alloy was either uncoupled, coupled with itself (simple crevice). Or coupled with type 316L stainless steel, cast Co-Cr-Mo... 

An obvious method for studying galvanic corrosion either with or without supplementary electrical measurements is to compare the extent of corrosion of coupled and uncoupled specimens exposed under identical conditions. Such measurements may use the same techniques for estimating corrosion damage, such as mass-loss determinations, as have been described in connection with ordinary corrosion tests. 

A convenient method of carrying out such a galvanic test in the laboratory has been described by Wesley in which the vertical circular-path machine is used. Each assembly includes two pairs of dissimilar metals—one pair coupled galvanically while the other pair is left uncoupled in order to determine the normal corrosion rates under the same environmental conditions. The type of motion provided (specimens moving in a vertical circular path) enables electrical connections to be made without mercury cup or commutator and the leads can be connected to a calibrated resistance for current measurements attached to the specimen carrier. 

Boundary Conditions although CA are a.ssumed to live on infinitely large lattices, computer simulations must necessarily be run on finite sets. For a one dimensional lattice with N cells, it is common to use periodic boundary conditions, in which ctn + i is identified with ai. Alternatively, all cells to the left and right of a finite block of N cells may be arbitrarily defined to possess value 0 for all time, so that their dynamics remains uncoupled with that taking place within the block. Similarly, in two dimensions, it is usual to have the dynamics take place on a torus, in which o m+i = <7, 2 and = cTi,j- As we will see later it turns one... 

Thus three lines of evidence define the rapidly dissociating receptor as the LR complex. Conditions known to uncouple R from G--first, guanine nucleotide and second, pertussis toxin—produce LR third, reconstitution of G protein restores receptor affinity, sensitivity to guanine nucleotide, and effector activation. In this sense, the ligand and binding behavior of this system is analogous to that of the beta-adrenergic receptor, where the LR and LRG complexes have already been studied with purified proteins and reconstituted membrane preparations (2,i0). 

Under stable conditions of extremely low productivity imposed by mineral nutrient stress (position 7 in Fig. lb) there is little seasonal change in biomass. Leaves and roots often have a functional life of several years and there is usually an uncoupling of resource capture from growth (Grime, 1977 Chapin, 1980). Because of the slow turnover of plant parts, differentiating cells occupy a small proportion of the biomass and morphogenetic... 

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