Ultraviolet protectant

Mortelmanns, K.E. and Strocker, B.A.D. (1979). Segregation of the mutator property of plasmid R46 from its ultraviolet-protecting property. Mol. Gen. Genet. 167 317-328. 

Ignoffo, C. M., Shasha, B. S., and Shapiro, M., Sunlight ultraviolet protection of the Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus through starch-encapsulation technology, J. Invertebrate Pathol., 57, 134, 1991. 

Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by O3 causes it to decompose to O2. In the upper atmosphere, therefore, a steady-state concentration of ozone is achieved, a concentration ordinarily sufficient to provide significant ultraviolet protection of the Earth s surface. However, pollutants in the upper atmosphere such as nitrogen oxides (some of which occur in trace amounts naturally) from high-flying aircraft and chlorine atoms from photolytic decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons (from aerosols, refrigerants, and other sources) catalyze the decomposition of ozone. The overall processes governing the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere are extremely complex. The following reactions can be studied in the laboratory and are examples of the processes believed to be involved in the atmosphere ... 

SPF is the ratio of the length of time of solar radiation exposure required for the skin to show redness (erythema) with and without protection. The term SPF or UPF (ultraviolet protection factor) has been introduced such that a garment of UPF 15 will provide the same amount of protection against solar ultraviolet radiation as a sunscreen of SPF 15. Garments with a UPF value of 20-29 offer high protection (UVR transmission 5.0-3.3%). A UPF value of 30-40 (UVR transmission 3.3-2.5%) offers very high protection and a UPF value of 40 + offers maximum protection with a UVR transmission of 2.5%. 

The early test methods for determining the ultraviolet protective effects of clothing involved exposing volunteers to ultraviolet radiation until their skin reddened (erythema) to a specific degree. Fortunately, instrumental methods of evaluation have been developed that eliminate the need for sunburned assistants. AATCC Test Method 183-20005 determines the transmittance of ultraviolet light through fabric samples. Through the use of established tables and formulas, the UPF is calculated. 

F. Xiong, J. Komenda, J. Kopecky, L. Nedbal (1997). Strategies of ultraviolet-protection in microscopic algae. Physiol. Plant., 100, 378-388. 

Virtually all polymers deteriorate under exposure to outdoor weathering and solar radiation, but at greatly varying rates. Polymers In solar equipment must maintain optical, mechanical, and chemical Integrity despite prolonged exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. For most outdoor applications of polymers, solar radiation exposure Is Incidental, but for many solar applications, exposure to solar radiation Is deliberately maximized In the equipment design. Transparency Is essential for many of the potentially most cost-effective applications, and conventional approaches to ultraviolet protection such as opaque coatings and fillers are unacceptable. 

Farouk, A., Textor, T., Schollmeyer, E., Tarbuk, A., and Grancacic, A. M. (2009). Sol-gel derived inorganic-organic hybrid polymers filled with ZnO nanoparticles as ultraviolet protection finish for textiles, Autex fles./, 9,114-120. 

A black pigment or filler produced by the incomplete burning of natural gas or oil. It is widely used in the rubber industry and for wire/cable applications. Since it possesses ultraviolet protective properties, it is also used in formulations intended for outside weathering applications. 

Fabric rinse compositions containing a UV absorber based on hydroxyaryl-l,3,5-triazine have been claimed to increase the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating of treated garments to provide added protection to skin covered by the garment from UV components of sunlight [82],... 

Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) As per legal requirements of standard products ... 

Morabito K, Shapley NC, Steeley KG, Tripathi A. Review of sunscreen and the emergence of non-conventional absorbers and their applications in ultraviolet protection. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011 33 385-90. 

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