Ultrasound parameters selection

Proper selection of ultrasound parameters is required to ensure safe and efficacious sonophoresis. Ultrasound parameters such as frequency, intensity, duty cycle, and distance of transducer from the skin influence the efficiency of sonophoresis. Below we present a general discussion of the role played by various ultrasound parameters in sonophoresis. Note that the objective of this discussion is not to point out the exact values of ultrasound parameters to be selected, but rather to present information regarding the dependence of sonophoretic enhancement on each parameter. 

In the sonochemical reactors, selection of suitable operating parameters such as the intensity and the frequency of ultrasound and the vapor pressure of the cavitating media is an essential factor as the bubble behavior and hence the yields of sonochemical transformation are significantly altered due to these parameters. It is necessary that both the frequency and intensity of irradiation should not be increased beyond an optimum value, which is also a function of the type of the application and the equipment under consideration. The liquid phase physicochemical properties should be adjusted in such a way that generation of cavitation events is eased and also large number of smaller size cavities are formed in the system. 

In the case of acoustic cavitation, selection of suitable operating parameters such as the intensity and the frequency of ultrasound and the vapor pressure of the cavitating media is essential as the bubble behavior, and hence the yields of sonochemical transformation, is significantly altered due to these parameters. 

Ultrasound imaging instrumentation for example can measure many of the parameters that bioimpedance also can measure. When a medical doctor already has the ultrasound probe in his or her hand as a multiparameter measuring device, the bioimpedance technology must offer some definite advantages. The task is to select the application which is sufficiently adequate for the purpose. 

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