Ultrasonication light

The modulation may be achieved for example with a Pockels cell or an ultrasonic light modulator (Fig.11.12). 

Besides large-diameter pipes, ultrasonic testing is used for checking the welded joints of drill bits, components of wind-driven electric plants, welded joints of light alloys and non-metallic materials, for an integrated inspection of various objects. A range of training aids developed at the Institute allows the operators to be trained effectively. 

Laser Doppler Velocimeters. Laser Doppler flow meters have been developed to measure Hquid or gas velocities in both open and closed conduits. Velocity is measured by detecting the frequency shift in the light scattered by natural or added contaminant particles in the flow. Operation is conceptually analogous to the Doppler ultrasonic meters. Laser Doppler meters can be appHed to very low flows and have the advantage of sensing at a distance, without mechanical contact or interaction. The technique has greatest appHcation in open-flow studies such as the deterrnination of engine exhaust velocities and ship wake characteristics. 

When ultrasonic treatment was applied before treating with the UV light, a higher bacteria kill was obtained. 

Dunkel SS, Helmich RJ, Suslick KS (2009) BiV04 as a visible-light photocatalyst prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. J Phys Chem C 113 11980-11983... 

Procedure Switch on the ultrasonic cleaning tank filled with water and watch for the position of cavitation activity through the circular rings formed on the surface of water. Hold the Al-foil on the circular ring for 2-3 min and remove. Watch the foil against the light or through an overhead projector for the holes created on it as a result of cavitation. 

Of course, there are always samples that refuse to dissolve completely even after ample exposure to heat and prolonged dunking in an ultrasonic bath. Samples that appear in any way cloudy when held up to the light, simply must be filtered. Any particulate matter held in suspension will severely compromise field homogeneity and thus line shape (Figure 2.2). Suspended material (of whatever origin) is the major cause of substandard line shape in NMR spectroscopy. 

An instrument used to observe particles too small to be seen by the ordinary light microscope. The ultramicroscope makes use of the Tyndall effect. Ultrasonics... 

In order to check these results, Lutz et al. degraded polymer samples which had been isolated shortly before macrogelation, by ultrasonic waves [213]. Figure 38A shows the decrease of Mw and of the hydrodynamic diameter dz, measured by static and dynamic light scattering respectively, on ultrasonic treatment of a polymer of Mw = 2.2 X10. Both Mw and dz decrease first abruptly but then... 

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