Ultrasonic radiation effects, temperature

Nanostructured LaNiOs was prepared by co-precipitation under ultrasonic radiation [120], Using various characterization methods and evaluation of catalytic activity, the effects of ultrasound on the structural properties and catalytic activity of LaNiOs were studied. The TEM showed that the ultrasound could cause a decrease in the particle size. The average particle size of LaNiOs prepared by sonochemistry is 20 nm. The specific surface area of LaNiOs is 11.27 m g h Ultrasound could lead to increased surface oxide content and surface crystal oxygen vacancies. The TPR result showed that the LaNi03 prepared by sonochemistry has a lower reduction temperature and a higher ratio of surface oxygen to crystal oxygen. The evaluation of catalytic activity showed that ultrasound could increase the catalytic activity of LaNiOs for NO decomposition. 

Botanical polysaccharides exist as structural constituents of plant cell wall [64]. The main types of polysaccharides involved in cell wall are rigid fibrillar chitin (or cellulose) matrix-Uke (3-glucan, a-glucan, and glycoproteins [64-70]. Therefore, the selectirai of an effective extraction procedure for plant polysaccharides will have to depend on the cell wall structure [64]. In general, the basic theory of extraction of polysaccharides from botanical materials is to break the cell wall under certain conditions such as pH value, temperature, irradiation with microwave, and ultrasonic radiation [65,71]. 

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