Ultrahigh high pressure transfer

There are many different designs available for combined high-pressure reaction studies and ultrahigh-vacuum surface science investigations. Transfer rods that move the sample from the environmental cells to the UHV chamber and reaction cells that permit liquid-phase or gas-phase reaction studies have been described in the literature. 

Electrocatalytic activity of supported metal particles has been investigated on surfaces prepared in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) molecular beam epitaxy system (DCA Instruments) modified to allow high throughput (parallel) synthesis of thin-film materials [Guerin and Hayden, 2006]. The system is shown in Fig. 16.1, and consisted of two physical vapor deposition (PVD) chambers, a sputtering chamber, and a surface characterization chamber (CC), all interconnected by a transfer chamber (TC). The entire system was maintained at UHV, with a base pressure of 10 °mbar. Sample access was achieved through a load lock, and samples could be transferred... 

High/ultrahigh pressure Mass transfer and chemical reaction Food processing Chemical reaction... 

The most recent core shdl particles consist of a solid 1.3-2.6 im core with a relatively thick porous 0.2-0.5 pm shell. The homogeneous porous shell is grown on a solid silica core by sol-gel techniques. The current standard pore size is 10 nm and the surface area is about 200 m g. Due to the small particle sizes and the short diffusion paths, 5 cm columns may give up to 15 000 plates, equivalent to 300000 plates per meter. The 1.7 pm particles are available in 5, 10, and 15 cm columns, with inner diameters of 2-4.6mm. The smallest particles need ultrahigh-pressure systems (600-1000 bar). Core-shell particles allow high flow rates due to the fast mass transfer. 

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