Ultracentrifugation batch

Based on the differences between the solid and liquid density, batch centrifugation techniques are often used in the discovery phase as a convenient tool to separate the cell from the medium. Highspeed ultracentrifugation instruments have... 

The purification of glutamine cyclotransferase from papaya latex has been carried out by Messer and Ottesen (116). A batch procedure was used for the removal of impurities by passage of a papaya latex extract through a thin layer of carboxymethyl-Sephadex the active protein was separated by selective elution. Additional purification was achieved by chromatography on a column of carboxymethyl-Sephadex and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of paper electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 columns and chromatography on carboxy-methyl- or DEAE-Sephadex. The electrophoretic behavior of the enzyme indicates that it is a basic protein with an isoelectric point near... 

Fig. 510. The production diagram of oligomethyl(phenyl)metacrylethoxysiloxane (MAS) 1 - reactor 2,3, 6 - batch boxes 4 - condenser 5 - neutraliser 7 - receptacle, 8 - ultracentrifuge 9 - container for the finished product...

Fig. 511. Production diagram of oligohydridemethylsiloxane 1 - hydrolyser 2 -4 - batch boxes 5 - cooler 6, 11 - collectors 7 - neutraliser 8 - settling box 9 -pressure container 10 - ultracentrifuge...

Fig. 66. Production diagram of polyphenylsiloxane varnishes 1 - agitator 2 - 5, 9 - 12, 16, 20, 21, 23 - batch boxes 6, 18 - coolers 7 - reactor 8 - hydrolyser 13 -faolite tower 14, 15 - collectors 17 - distillation tank 19, 25 - settling boxes 22 -apparatus for varnish preparation 24 - nutsch filter 26 - ultracentrifuge 27 - container...

Fig. 710. Semicontinuous production diagram of polydimethyl(phenyl)siloxane varnish 1 -4, 6, 16 - batch boxes 5 - agitator 7 - heater 8 - hydrolyser 9, 11- hydroejectors 10, 13 - separators 12 - flusher 14, 18 - collectors 15 - polycondensation apparatuses 17 - cooler 19, 20 - settling boxes 21 - ultracentrifuge 22 -container...

Fig. 11. Production diagram of polymethyl(phenyl)silsesquioxane from triace-toxyderivatives of methyl- and phenylsilanes 1 - synthesis reactor 2, 3, 5, 6, 21 -batch boxes 4, 17 - weight batch boxes 7, 15, 19 - coolers 8 - neutraliser 9, 12, 14, 16, 20 - collectors 10, 22 - settling boxes 11, 23 - ultracentrifuges 13 - distillation tank 18 - condensation apparatus 24 - container...

To obtain resin, the hot product of condensation is poured through the lower drain of condenser 18 to obtain varnish, the resin in condenser 18 is dissolved with ethyl alcohol, which self-flows into the apparatus from batch box 21. While the resin is dissolved, cooler 19 operates in the inverse mode. The obtained varnish is loaded by vacuum into settling box 22, where it is settled at ambient temperature for a long time (24-48 hours) to separate mechanical impurities. There is also a possibility for additional centrifuging in ultracentrifuge 23 for complete elimination of mechanical impurities, as well as clarification" of the varnish. The finished poly-methyl(phenyl)silsesquioxane varnish is sent from the centrifuge into container 24 and packaged. 

Fig. 13. Production diagram of polyphenyldiethylsiloxane varnish 1-4, 6-8, 10, 19 - 23, 25 - batch boxes 5, 9, 11, 24 - coolers 12, 29 - mixers 13, 30 - reactors 74-hydro lyser 15 - distillation tank 16, 18 - receiving tanks 77- condensation apparatus 26 - neutraliser 27- settling box 28 - ultracentrifuge...

Fig. 18. Production diagram of polyalumophenylsiloxane varnish 1 - hydrolyser 2, 3, 1, 10 - 13 - batch boxes 4,9 - coolers 5, 14, 18 - collectors 6 - distillation tank 8 - reactor 15- settling box 16 - ultracentrifuge 17- container...

Fig. 99. Production diagram of bis(octylphenoxy)dithiophosphate 1 - sulfiding reactor 2, 3 - batch boxes 4, 8- absorbers 5, 13 - containers 6 - pumps 7- phos-phorisation reactor 9- collector 10- settling box 11 - neutraliser 12 - ultracentrifuge...

Fig. 102. Production diagram of phosphonitrilechloride trimer 1,2- batch boxes 3 - agitator 4- reactor 5, 11, 17, 20- coolers 6- separator 7 - tower 8, 13 - nutsch filters 9, 12, 21 - receptacles 10, 19 - distillation tanks 14, 15 -collectors 16- extractor 18- pressure filter 22- crystalliser 23 - ultracentrifuge...

The authors used a Batch-bowl rotor (capacity, 1.6 1.) and a Spinco Model L ultracentrifuge. 

It is important to clarify that all the studies summarized in Figures 9.3 and 9.4 correspond to batch processes, and to highlight that the maximum biosurfactant concentration is close to 1 % (10 g/1) for all the different combinations of carbon sources, bacteria species and strains. In most of these studies, the biosurfactant is separated by precipitation at a pH of 2, followed by ultracentrifugation and other separation processes. Such separation processes are acceptable to produce low quantities of high value-added products, but are prohibitive for commodity-type surfactants. Furthermore, the low throughput of batch processes and the need for personnel to operate the process also increase the production costs of the biosurfactant. 

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