U-Pan

Sivin, Nathan. "Chinese alchemy as a science." In Nothing concealed (Wu Yin Lu) essays in honor of Liu (Aison-Goro) Yu-yiin, ed. Frederic Wakeman, 35-. Taipei Ch eng wen ch u pan she distributed by Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center, 1970. 

Crystallization batches range from 30,000 to 60,000 Hters for each pan. Continuous centrifugals are typically used for second, third, and affination steps continuous vacuum pans are less common but are used in the U.S. for intermediate strikes. Most horizontal batch crystallizers have been replaced by continuous units, and all are designed for controlled cooling of the massecuite to maintain supersaturation. 

Pan evaporation is considered an indication of atmospheric evaporative power. Evaporation from a free surface is related to pan evaporation by a coefficient applied to the pan readings. Most evaporation pans in the U. S. are Class A pans made of unpainted galvanized iron or stainless steel 4 feet in diameter and 10 inches deep. The pans are supported on low wooden frames and are filled with 8 inches of water. 

Die Elektrolyse von 6-Brom(Jod)-l-phenyl-hexin-(l) liefert u.a. Benzyliden-cydopro-pan (max. 24% d.Th.)5. 

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