Tyrode’s solution

Figure 4.11 Effect of glutathione on the reduction of myocardial Na/K ATPase activity associated with Ischaemia and reperfuslon. Isolated rat hearts were perfused in the Langendorff mode with oxygenated Tyrode s solution for a control period of 10 min. This was immediately followed by a 60 min period of global, stop-flow ischaemia and 5 min subsequent reperfuslon. Glutathione (GSH) (1 mM) was added to the perfusion fluid 5 min prior to the onset of Ischaemia and throughout the reperfuslon period. The data are presented as means standard errors of the means (n = 6).

Perfuse the heart with a mixture of saline-buffered solution (e.g. Tyrode s solution) and glycerine (1 1)... 

The effect of. S divinorum on duodenal smooth muscle is not clear, although the extract appears to decrease the frequency of phasic contractions while increasing their duration. Typically, contractions occurred approximately once every two seconds when the muscle was bathed in pure Tyrode s solution. However, when bathed in 100% S. divinorum extract, contractions appeared to stop completely. When flushed with Tyrode s solution, the muscle recovered almost completely. Wlien the duodenum was bathed in 50%. S divinorum extract, the muscle would contract for approximately 15 seconds, relax for about 2 seconds, and then contract again. By comparison, when the muscle was bathed in extract of L. nobilis, the muscle would stop contracting and would not recover when flushed with Tyrode s solution. Figure 3 shows the tracings produced from a single strip of duodenal smooth muscle treated with. S divinorum. 

Since the Si—O—C bond is sensitive to hydrolysis, compounds 150b-154b and their derivatives decompose under physiological conditions (Tyrode s solution pH 7.4 37 °C) by the action of water, forming the corresponding silanols and amino-alcohols [Eq. (22)] ... 

Fig. 8.18. Hymenolepis diminuta rate of secretion of neutral red-positive material from the penetration glands of newly hatched hexacanths in Tyrode s solution alone (—) and in Tyrode s + adult Tenebrio molitor midgut extract (—). (Modified from Lethbridge Gijsbers, 1974.)...

Biopharmaceuticals or pharmaceuticals dissolved in Tyrodes s solution to obtain at least 5 different concentrations Biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals formulated by the CRO and require formulation analysis for concentration, homogeneity, and stability dl-soltalol, a P-adrenergic antagonist that prolongs cardiac action potential by selectively blocking the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr)... 

Purkinje fibers obtained from 4 different dogs isolated from dog hearts and placed in a recording chamber and perfused with Tyrode s solution at... 

Purkinje fibers are excised from the isolated heart and placed in a superfusion chamber with warmed (37 °C) Tyrode s solution containing 4mM potassium and a flow rate of 8-10ml/min. The fibers are stimulated using platinum electrodes at 2 times threshold for 1-2 ms using a biphasic wave form. The fibers are then... 

The studied drug is added to the Tyrode s solution in increasing cumulative concentrations, each concentration being tested for 30 min. The stimulation frequency is 60 pulses per min except between the 20th and 22nd min, when the frequency is reduced to 12 and then switched back to 60 pulses per min. Action potentials are measured after 15 and 30 min of each concentration superfusion and at the end of the 2-min stimulation of 12 pulses per min. 

The abdomen is opened by a mid-line incision and the mesentery is lifted to display the mesenteric arteries. The mesentery is draped over a plastic plate and superfused continuously with Tyrode s solution maintained at 37 °C. Bleeding times are determined with small mesenteric arteries (125-250 fim external diameter) at the junction of mesentery with intestines. 

In vitro studies on the isolated guinea-pig ileum have shown that the replacement of the central carbon atom in the antihistaminic diphenhydramine (118a) for a silicon atom leads to a total loss of histaminolytic activity190. Under the test conditions employed (Tyrode s solution 37 °C, pH 7.4), hydrolysis of siladiphenhydramine (118b) (cleavage of the Si-OC and Si-H bond) was so fast that no histaminolytic effect of the intact sila-drug could be detected. 

Shunts were filled with the protein solution of interest by displacing the Tyrode s solution from the shunt, thus preventing any protein-air interfacial contact. The protein solution remained in the tubing at room temperature for 2 h before being rinsed from the tubing with 60 mL of Tyrode s solution. The tubing was then implanted immediately in the test animal. 

The influence of flushing the blood from the tubing with Tyrode s solution to enable counting of the adhering fibrin and platelets on subsequent platelet and fibrin deposition, and the apparent time for embolization have been addressed previously. Ihlenfeld et al. (3) showed that the thrombotic response on PVC determined using the flushing technique was similar to the response on shunts implanted sequentially for various lengths of time. 

Once the RBCs or platelets are harvested from the subject, there still exists some sample preparation prior to the measurement portion of the analysis. For example, in order to purify platelets, the collected blood is centrifuged at 500 g at 37°C for 10 min. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is decanted for the subsequent isolation of platelets. Platelets are then isolated from the PRP by centrifugation (15 min at 2000 g at 37 C) and washed three times in Tyrode-albumin solution (pH 7.4). The first wash contains heparin (2 U/mL) and apyrase (1 U/mL) the second wash contains only apyrase (1 U/mL) and the third wash contains Tyrode s solution without apyrase and heparin. 

Electroporation has to be done fairly swiftly to minimize the time spent by the embryo in DNA solution or Tyrode s solution. 

Pick up the square of embryo and membrane by grasping one comer with fine forceps and transfer it immediately to the Sylgard-coated 35-mm dish containing about 5mL CMF-Tyrode s solution. 

Buffered saline or serum-free medium Hanks buffered saline, Tyrode s solution, or LI5 medium (Life Technologies). 

Fig. 215. Reoxygenation damage to hippocampal pyramidal cells (block 1144) of a rat (No.5) treated for 7 consecutive days with intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 ml Tyrode s solution per kg body weight x day. On the last 4 days of experimentation the animal was exposed to an atmosphere containing only 5 % oxygen for 30 min. On August 4, 1976, half an hour after the last exposure under pentobarbital anaesthesia (30 mg/kg), the animal was perfused from the abdominal aorta with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Postfixation with 1 % osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer. Embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at 50 run. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Plate 3491...

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