Typical Properties and Major Reasons for Use

The performance of the pigments considerably depend on the system in which they are processed and applied. 

2) Parts Ti02 required to reduce 1 part of pigment to 1/3 SD (l xTi02). These data represent guide values that can be influenced by the binder used and the dispersion status. 

3) Light fastness was tested in air drying paint at 1/3 SD. Assessment was made against the 8-step Blue Scale (DIN 54003) in which rating 8 denotes excellent and rating 1 very poor light fastness. 

4) Evaluation was made by comparison with the 5-step diange of shade Grey Scale (DIN 54001) after 12 month outdoors weathering of an air drying paint. Rating 5 is the best, rating 1 the poorest. 

5) Assessment of bleeding into a white nitrocellulose combination laquer against the 5-step bleeding Grey Scale (DIN 54002) in which rating 5 is the best and rating 1 the poorest. 

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Crude oil is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons and small amounts of impurities. The composition of crude oil can vary significantly depending on its source. Petroleum refineries are a complex system of multiple operations and the operations used at a given refinery depend upon the properties of the crude oil to be refined and the desired products. For these reasons, no two refineries are alike. Portions of the outputs from some processes are re-fed back into the same process, fed to new processes, fed back to a previous process, or blended with other outputs to form finished products. The major unit operations typically involved at petroleum refineries are described briefly below. In addition to those listed below, there are also many special purpose processes that cannot be... 

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