Two Revolutions Take Over

These discoveries were made in a time of revolutions, one scientific and one political. The report from Vandermonde et al. was edited in 1786, the Bastille was stormed in 1789, the French king was executed in 1793 and Lavoisier guillotined in 1794. 

The Academy paper on iron was rewritten in a shorter, more popular version and published in a large edition by the Committee of Public Safety in the War Department. 

Metallurgical research in the new centuries, the 19 and 20, did not principally attract interest from and work by pure chemists and physicists. Metallurgy built up its own research and education and pubhshed its own scientific journals. The metallurgical literature became extensive. 

Organizations were formed in different countries on the pattern of Jernkontoret in Stockholm, which, among other duties, had to support technical and scientific research and development 

During the 20 century a rapprochement occurred between metallurgy/metallog-raphy and the pure sciences physics and chemistry. It became possible to study the atomic arrangement in metals and alloys by X-ray diffractometry. Dislocation theory, 

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