Turner, Louis

Professor of Physics, California Institute of Technology Turner, Louis... 

Turner, D. B., and Irwin, J. S., Comparison of sulfur dioxide estimates from the model RAM with St. Louis RAPS measurements, in "Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application 11" (C. de Wispelaere, ed.). Plenum, New York, 1982. 

Submitted by Byron Rip.oel, R. B. Moffett, and A. V. McIntosh. Checked by Richard B. Turner and Louis F. Fieser. 

Didier Fournier, Tim Gibson, Paul Millner, Jean-Louis Marty, Michelle A. Sheehan, Vladimir I. Ogurtsov, Graham Johnson, John Griffiths, Anthony P.F. Turner and Seamus P.J. Higson... 

Chlorophyll concentrations were estimated from 40 ml subsamples following Suzuki and Ishimaru (1990). Samples were filtered on Whatman GF/F glass-fibre filters (pore size 0.45 pm). Chlorophyllous pigments were extracted by direct immersion of the filters in 5 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide, and actual extractions were made in the dark at 20°C. Concentrations of chlorophyll a in the extracts were determined following Strickland and Parsons (1972) using a Turner 450 fluorometer previously calibrated with chlorophyll a extracted from Anacystis nidulans (Sigma Chemicals, St Louis). 

Analysis and tabulations of data to be used in Gaussian plume formulas are also available. The report for the St. Louis Dispersion Study (13) gives further insight into tracer-spreading over urban areas in contradistinction to open areas where many measurements have been made. Detailed working charts and numerous examples in Turners workbook (14) aid practical estimation of atmospheric dispersions under the conditions outlined above. 

Leo Szilard was known by now throughout the American physics community as the leading apostle of secrecy in fission matters. To his mailbox, late in May 1940, came a puzzled note from a Princeton physicist, Louis A. Turner. Turner had written a Letter to the Editor of the Physical Review, a copy of which he enclosed. It was entitled Atomic energy from and he wondered if it should be withheld from publication. It seems as if it was wild enough speculation so that it could do no possible harm, Turner told Szilard, but that is for someone else to say. ... 

Within a day, Abelson recalls, I established that the 2.3-day activity had chemical properties different from those of any known element. [It] behaved much like uranium. Apparently the transuranics were not metals like rhenium and osmium but were part of a new series of rare-earth-like elements similar to uranium. For a rigorous proof that they had found a transuranic the two men isolated a pure uranium sample with strong 23-minute U239 activity and demonstrated with half-life measurements that the 2.3-day activity increased in intensity as the 23-minute activity declined. If the 2.3-day activity was different chemically from any other element and was created in the decay of U239, then it must be element 93. McMillan and Abelson wrote up their results. McMillan had already thought of a name for the new element— neptunium, for the next planet out beyond Uranus—but they chose not to offer the name in their report. They mailed the report, Radioactive element 93, to the Physical Review on May 27, 1940, the same day Louis Turner sent Szilard his transuranic theories anticipation and discovery can cut that close in science. 

J. Turner, Washington University in St. Louis, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus Box 1198, St. Louis, Mo 63130. 

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