Truncated phospholipids

Fig. 13.1 Chemical structures of oxidized phospholipids. (A) Free radical-induced oxidation of l-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-jn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PA-PC) leads to a plethora of different oxidation products such as peroxidized phospholipids (not shown), truncated phospholipids, isoprostanes, isolevuglandins, and isothromboxanes.

Structure. Finally, it is interesting to mention that at least the truncated phospholipids did not activate signaling components of cell proliferation and survival. AKT-kinase or NF-kB activities remained unaffected if cells were exposed to POV-PC and PG-PC. 

Influence of Phospholipases on Apoptosis Induced by Truncated Phospholipids... 

Mcintyre, T. M. 2012. Bioactive oxidatively truncated phospholipids in inflammation and apoptosis Formation, targets, and inactivation. 1818,... 

Figure 18-8 Stereoscopic ribbon diagrams of the chicken bc1 complex (A) The native dimer. The molecular twofold axis runs vertically between the two monomers. Quinones, phospholipids, and detergent molecules are not shown for clarity. The presumed membrane bilayer is represented by a gray band. (B) Isolated close-up view of the two conformations of the Rieske protein (top and long helix at right) in contact with cytochrome b (below), with associated heme groups and bound inhibitors, stigmatellin, and antimycin. The isolated heme of cytochrome c, (left, above) is also shown. (C) Structure of the intermembrane (external surface) domains of the chicken bcx complex. This is viewed from within the membrane, with the transmembrane helices truncated at roughly the membrane surface. Ball-and-stick models represent the heme group of cytochrome cy the Rieske iron-sulfur cluster, and the disulfide cysteines of subunit 8. SU, subunit cyt, cytochrome. From Zhang et al.105...

It is known that the method used to truncate the interatomic interactions can have an important effect. It has been demonstrated that the dielectric properties of simulated water are a sensitive function of the extent to which the long-range electrostatic interactions are included [40]. Simulations of phospholipid membrane-water systems showed that the behavior of the water near the membrane is incorrectly described if the electrostatic interactions are truncated at too short a distance, and hot water/cold-protein behavior is observed [10]. Given the importance of the potential/force truncation, we have investigated this issue for the copper system being simulated. This has been done in terms of the same properties as were used in examining convergence. 

Figure 9 Structure of the GPI anchor found in eukaryotes (phosphoethanolamine linker shown in red, phospholipid tail shown in black). Paulick and coworkers examined several truncated forms of the GPI anchor to examine the functional significance of the core glycan structure. These include structures replacing three (cyan), four (orange and cyan), or five (green, orange, and cyan) of the sugars in the conserved pentasaccharide structure with appropriate ethylene glycol spacers.

Truncated Oxidized Phospholipids Induce Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells... 

Gugiu, B, Mesaros, C, Sun, M, Gu, X, Crabb, J W, and Salomon, R G, Identification of oxidatively truncated ethanolamine phospholipids in retina and their generation from polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines, Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19 (2006) 262-271. 

Understanding of the biological activities of oxidatively modified lipids depends, at least in part, on knowledge of the receptors to which they bind and the signaling pathways that are affected. Research over the last three decades has enabled the identification of several important receptors, although it is likely that others will continue to be discovered. Much work has been carried out on the platelet activation factor (PAF) receptor, which recognizes a number of truncated oxidized phospholipids (McIntyre, 2012). A lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, PAF-acetylhydrolase, can hydrolyze oxidized chains at the sn-2 position of phospholipids... 

Fig. 6 Schematic representation of the geometric restraints in a lamellar phospholipid/CijEg mixture. The CxjEg molecules are shown as inverted truncated cones [8]...

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