Trigona spinipes

Stingless bees lay chemical trails with mandibular gland constituents which have been identified as normal aliphatic alcohols or monoterpene aldehydes. Trigona spinipes generates a trail with a mixture of 2-heptanol, 2-undecanol, and 2-tridecanol, and it has been possible to successfully lay artificial trails with these alcohols (136). Trail following in workers of Trigona subterranea is released by citral (130), the stereoisomers of which are also utilized as alarm pheromones and defensive compounds. Such pheromonal parsimony appears to be especially typical of eusocial bees and ants. 

The LD50 of several compounds was established in the social bee Trigona spinipes using a topical test protocol similar to the one for bumble bees [34],... 

Year/Ref Compound Megachile rotundata Nomia melanderi Bombus terrestris Trigona spinipes Apis mellifera... 

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