Trifluoromethyl pyrazoles, preparation

Pyrazoles are formed when the diazo compounds react with alkynes or with functionalized alkenes, viz. the enols of jS-diketones. Pyrazolenines (353 Section 4.04.2.2.1) are isolated from disubstituted diazomethanes. Many pyrazoles, difficult to obtain by other methods, have been prepared by this procedure, for example 3-cyanopyrazole (616) is obtained from cyanoacetylene and diazomethane (71JCS(C)2147), 3,4,5-tris(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole (617) from trifluorodiazoethane and hexafluoro-2-butyne (8lAHC(28)l), and 4-phenyl-3-triflylpyrazole (618 R =H) from phenyltriflylacetylene and diazomethane (82MI40402). An excess of diazomethane causes JV-methylation of the pyrazole (618 R = H) and the two isomers (618 R = Me) and (619) are formed in a ratio of 1 1. 

A convenient method to obtain 3-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-l//-pyrazoles by cyclocondensation of 4-amino-4-ethoxy-l,l,l-trifluorobut-3-en-2-ones with hydrazine and phenylhydrazine has been reported <2006SL1485>. Trifluoromethylated pyrazoles were synthesized from trifluoromethylenaminones and monosubstituted hydrazines <2004JFC(125)1299>. 5-Amino-3-phenylpyrazoles 534 were prepared from a-oxoketene 0,W-acetals 533 using montmor-illonite K-10 under sonication conditions (Equation 108) <200381160>. 3-Amino-l-(/)-phenyl-substituted)-2-buten-l-ones... 

A noted example is found in the development of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib (132) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Synthetic routes to celecoxib demonstrate two important strategies for constructing the trifluoromethyl pyrazole moiety. In the initial synthesis, a key step was the reaction of an aryUiydrazine with the enol ether 133 prepared by condensation of ethyltrifluoroacetate with the substituted acetophenone. Two regioisomers are formed, but the desired 1,5-pyrazole predominates when the condensation is performed with the arylhydrazine hydrochloride in refluxing ethanol (Fig. 3.78). ... 

Organ et al. from York University demonstrated that a diarylated IH-pyrazole-based library, based on the structure of the potent COX II inhibitor Celecoxib [4-(3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)benzenesulfonamide], could be rapidly prepared using MAOS [59]. Microwave-accelerated Suzuki reaction on 4-(5-iodo-3-methyl-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)-benzenesulfonamide using heterogeneous Pd/C was the principal diversification step investigated (Scheme 41). The interest of the team in microwave... 

Syntheses of fluoro-substituted pyrazoles continue to be of interest. Both 3- and 5-fluoropyrazoles (44 and 45, respectively) can be prepared from 43 <96JOC2763>. Treatment of 43 with hydrazine followed by N-alkylation provides 44, whereas reactions with monosubstituted hydrazines afford 45. The 4-(trifluoromcthyl)pyrazoles 47 are obtained from J-trifluoromethyl vinamidinium salt 46 <96TL1829>. The 5-trifluoromethyl-3-carboethoxypyrazoles 49 are obtained from the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of trifluoromethyl alkenes 48 with ethyl diazoacetate <96T4383>. 

Similar ring systems were prepared <97JHC1693> by Coppo and Fawzi from the reaction of substituted ethyl 5-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-l 7/-pyrazole-4-carboxylates 119 with sodium hydride. This gave the 7-substitued 1,7-dihydro-l-methylpyrazolo[3,4-c][l, 2]thiazin-4(37/)-one 2,2-dioxides 120 in fair to good yield (Scheme 30). They also extended this synthesis by treating methyl 2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylate 121 with sodium hydride in dimethylformamide to yield l-methyl-7-(trifhioromethyl)-l//-pyrido[2,3-c][l,2]thiazin-4(3//)-one 2,2-dioxide 122 in 79% yield (Scheme 31) <98JHC499>. 

A range of trifluoromethyl-containing pyrazolo[3,4- ]pyridines have been prepared, in good yield, from the reaction of 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoates with electron-rich amino pyrazoles (Equation 53 Table 29) <2003S1531>. 

Preparation of l-(4-aminosulphonylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(4-methylphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl- lH-pyrazole... 

The most common method for the preparation of pyrazoles from other heterocycles is from pyranone-type compounds. Condensation of 2,3-dihydro /7-pyran -ones 787 with various aryl hydrazines in the presence of montmorillonite KSF clay under mild conditions proceeded rapidly to afford enantiomerically pure 5-substituted pyrazoles 788 (Equation 172) <2004TL6033>. Comparable results were obtained when arylhydrazines were reacted with 2-formyl glycals under microwave irradiation <2004TL8587>. Phenylhydrazine and hydrazine were reacted with 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2/7-pyran-2-one to afford 4-acetoacetyl-3-methylpyrazolin-5-ones, which were employed in the synthesis of bipyrazoles and pyrazoloisoxazoles <1999JHC1291>. Reaction of 3,3-dialkyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihy-dro -pyrones with hydrazine hydrate afforded 3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-substituted-pyrazoles <1998RCB1365>. 

Several trifluoromethylpyrazoles, for instance 3(5)-trifluoromethyl-5(3)-methylpyrazole (44) were used to prepare platinum complexes and the x-ray structure of the resulting complex reported <83 C774>. The ligand tris[3-trifluoromethyl-5-methyl(pyrazol-l-yl)]borate (82) yields a hydridovinyl iridium complex more stable than its j/ -ethylene isomer <89JA5480>. The x-ray structure of the related platinum complex (83) has been described <831C774>. 

Addition of hydrazines to 1,3-difunctional compounds is one of the most common methods employed for the preparation of pyrazoles. For example, several synthesis of pyrazoles have been reported where azide reagents are added to a,P-unsaturated systems. Reactions of trifluoroacetyl enol ether (thiophene) 1 with hydrazines afforded 3-(2-furyl) or 3-(2-thienyl)pyrazoles 2 <05S2744>. A regiospecific one-pot synthesis of trifluoromethyl-substituted heteroaryl pyrazolyl ketones has also been disclosed <05JHC631, 05JHC1055>. 1,3,5-... 

---