Triazoles, click chemistry

Triazole-linked glycopeptides are relatively a new class of neoglycopeptides that incorporate the triazole unit via click chemistry hy applying the copper (I)-catalyzed 1,2,3-triazole. Click chemistry has emerged as a new strategy for the rapid and efficient assembly of molecules with diverse functionalities. Among these reactions is the copper (I)-catalyzed 1,2,3-triazole synthesis. It guarantees a reliable synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted... 

Keywords Glycosjd azides - Glycosjdamines Glycosyl enamines - Glycosyl heterocycles Triazoles Click chemistry... 

Keywords 1,2,3-Triazole Click chemistry Controlled release Polymer gels... 

A microwave-assisted three-component reaction has been used to prepare a series of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles with complete control of regiose-lectivity by click chemistry , a fast and efficient approach to novel functionalized compounds using near perfect reactions [76]. In this user-friendly procedure for the copper(l) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes, irradiation of an alkyl halide, sodium azide, an alkyne and the Cu(l) catalyst, produced by the comproportionation of Cu(0) and Cu(ll), at 125 °C for 10-15 min, or at 75 °C for certain substrates, generated the organic azide in situ and gave the 1,4-disubstituted regioisomer 43 in 81-93% yield, with no contamination by the 1,5-regioisomer (Scheme 18). 

Scheme 18 Click chemistry synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles...

Canthine skeleton 52 Cardiotonic agent, heart failiu-e 3 Caspase-3 inhibitors, non-peptide 269 Catch and release , 2,4,5-trisubstituted pyrimidines 98 Chloro dehydroxylation 17 Click chemistry, 1,4-disubstituted triazoles 45... 

Click chemistry refers to the reaction between an azido functional group and an alkyne to form a [3 + 2] cycloaddition product, a 5-membered triazole ring. This reaction has been used for many years in organic synthesis to form heterocyclic rings. Normally, the click reaction requires high temperatures, and this was the main reason that it was not used as a bioconjugation tool. However, it was discovered that in aqueous solutions and in the presence of Cu(I), the reaction kinetics are dramatically accelerated to provide high yields even at room temperature and ambient pressures (Rostovtsev et al., 2002 Tornoe et al., 2002 Sharpless et al., 2005). 

Figure 7.7 The synthesis of dendrimer molecules using click chemistry proceeds with high yield. Each step results in the cycloaddition reaction between azide-containing molecules and alkyne molecules to form triazole linkages.

Figure 17.3 Maleimide-modified glass slides (1) can be derivatized using two chemoselective ligation reactions to create biotin modifications. In the first step, alkyne-PEG4-cyclopentadiene linkers (2) are added to the maleimide groups using a Diels-Alder reaction. In the second reaction, an azido-PEG4-biotin compound (3) is reacted with the terminal alkyne on the slide using click chemistry to result in another cycloaddition product, a triazole ring.

Figure 17.15 The small carboxylate-alkyne compound 4-pentynoic acid can be used to modify proteins at their amine groups with EDC to provide alkyne sites for click chemistry-mediated conjugation. The subsequent reaction of an azido-PEG-modified gold nanoparticle with the alkynyl-protein in the presence of Cu1+ yields the triazole-coupled protein.

Figure 18.11 NHS-PEG4-azide can be used to modify an amine-containing molecule to create an amide derivative terminating in azido groups. The azide modifications then can be used in a click chemistry reaction that forms a triazole linkage with an alkyne-containing molecule. Alternatively, the azide derivative can be used in a Staudinger ligation reaction with a phosphine derivative, which results in an amide bond linkage.

Scheme 7.1 Click chemistry synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-l,2,3-triazoles by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of organic azides with terminal acetylenes.

A series of fourteen 4-triazole-modified Zanamivir analogues were synthesized from the 4-azido-4-deoxy-Neu5Ac2en derivative using click chemistry, and their inhibitory potencies against influenza virus sialidase were determined. These modifications were not that successful as 33-35 demonstrated only 6-40% protective rate at a concentration of 50 pM against the virus infection compared to Zanamivir which shows 86% at the same concentration. The best result was obtained for compound 36, which showed a protective rate of >61%.76... 

Scheme 7.6 Binary azide-acetylene fragment combinations with 98 potential triazole products (including the syn- and anti-triazole regioisomers) for targeting AChE with in situ Click chemistry.

It was clear from this early work that mass spectrometric analysis would be the most appropriate technique to detect hit compounds for in situ Click chemistry applications. Although the DIOS-MS method was able to directly detect the low quantity of triazole product conversion in the presence of large amounts of protein and parent fragments, the sensitivity for this measurement was very low, with a poor signal-to-noise ratio. It was therefore both logical and desirable to optimize the sensitivity and selectivity of the MS... 

---