Treatment inorganic gaseous treatments

Membrane bioreactors have finally also been applied to the treatment of gaseous phase wastes with a membrane used as a contactor, e.g., for the removal of organics (e.g., propene, chlorinated solvents, etc.) or inorganics (SO2, NO etc.). A biomass film is mostly grown on or within the membrane, or the bacteria can be homogeneously dispersed in the receiving liquid. 

Pyrolysis. Heating in the absence of oxygen releases moisture at low temperatures, carbon dioxide at temperatures >200° C, and a variety of gaseous products at very high temperatures. Acid washing of the raw coal is used to remove extractable cations, followed by treatment with selected cations. Yields of CO2, CO, CH, H2, and H2O depend on the amounts of inorganic species in the coal (42). 

These methods require that the sample is either a gas or, at least, a volatile substance which can be easily converted into a gas (this explains the utility of mass spectrometry in the field of organic chemistry). In inorganic chemistry it is often more difficult to obtain a gaseous sample, and so other ionization sources have been developed. If the sample is thermally stable, it may be volatilized by depositing it on a filament and heating the filament (thermal ionization mass spectrometry - see below). In restricted cases (e.g., organometallic chemistry), chemical treatment of the sample may give a more volatile sample. 

The nature of solid, liquid or gaseous inclusions that may be found within transparent inorganic glass or crystalline materials can be determined by Raman microprobe techniques without breaking up the sample (39). Other analytical techniques, such as mass spectroscopy or electron microscopy, that may be used to obtain such information require destruction of the original sample. This capability of the microprobe is useful if one wants to analyze inclusions in a material before and after a sample treatment. The only limitation is that the position of the inclusion in the material must be located within the working distance of the objective lens in the microscope (39). 

Electrochemical treatment of inorganic compounds and gaseous effluents... 

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