Travel value

The survey primarily concerns how journey time was spent on various activities, what equipment was brought and used, and how the traveler valued the time use en route. Special attention was paid to the use of portable ICTs (e.g., cell phones, laptops, and mobile broadband). Questions were also asked about trip characteristics (e.g., distance, duration, and purpose) and relevant background data concerning the individual. This includes information on circumstances that might affect activity patterns and time use, such as commuting habits, perceived stress, environmental attitudes, and attitudes towards public transport. 

A. Since tire applied field is red detuned, all A have negative values. Now in order for tire cooling mechanism to be effective tire optical pumping time tp should be comparable to tire time required for tire atom with velocity v to travel from tire bottom to tire top of a potential hill,... 

In (a), a pulse of ions is formed but, for illustration purposes, all with the same m/z value. In (b), the ions have been accelerated but, because they were not all formed in the same space, they are separated in time and velocity, with some ions having more kinetic energy than others. In (c), the ions approach the ion mirror or reflectron, which they then penetrate to different depths, depending on their kinetic energies (d). The ones with greater kinetic energy penetrate furthest. In (e), the ions leave the reflectron and travel on to the detector (f), which they all reach at the same time. The path taken by the ions is indicated by the dotted line in (f). 

A fuller description of the microchannel plate is presented in Chapter 30. Briefly, ions traveling down the flight tube of a TOF instrument are separated in time. As each m/z collection of ions arrives at the collector, it may be spread over a small area of space (Figure 27.3). Therefore, so as not to lose ions, rather than have a single-point ion collector, the collector is composed of an array of miniature electron multipliers (microchannels), which are all connected to one electrified plate, so, no matter where an ion of any one m/z value hits the front of the array, its arrival is recorded. The microchannel plate collector could be crudely compared to a satellite TV dish receiver in that radio waves of the same frequency but spread over an area are all collected and recorded at the same time of course, the multichannel plate records the arrival of ions not radio waves. 

Bands of ions of different m/z values and separated in time in a broad ion beam traveling from left to right toward the front face of a microchannel assembly. The ions produce showers of electrons, and these are detected at the collector plate, which joins all the elements as one assemblage. 

The reflectron increases the spatial separation of the ions of different m/z values by making them travel up and down the flight tube, so the distance traveled is twice what it would be if the ions simply passed once along the tube from one end to the other. The reflectron also narrows the energy spread for individual m/z values, thus improving mass resolution. TOP analyzers are not necessarily equipped with a reflectron. 

At the other extreme we can consider the electron as a particle which can be observed as a scintillation on a phosphorescent screen. Figure 1.4(b) shows how, if there is a large number of waves of different wavelengths and amplitudes travelling in the x direction, they may reinforce each other at a particular value of x, x say, and cancel each other elsewhere. This superposition at x is called a wave packet and we can say the electron is behaving as if it were a particle at x. ... 

The calculated detonation velocity in room temperature acetylene at 810 kPa is 2053 m/s (61). Measured values are about 1000-2070 m/s, independent of initial pressure but generally increasing with increasing diameter (46,60—64). In a time estimated to be about 6 s (65), an accidental fire-initiated decomposition flame in acetylene at ca 200 kPa in an extensive piping system traveled successively through 1830 m of 76—203-mm pipe, 8850 m of 203-mm pipe, and 760 m of 152-mm pipe. 

Increased crystallinity can reduce permeabiHty values because the crystal regions of a polymer are impenetrable ia most semicrystaUine polymers. Hence, the average value of the solubiHty coefficient S is reduced. It also means that movement must occur around the crystaUites, which means that a longer distance must be traveled. This lowers the effective value of D. 

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