Transverse flexural strength

Strength can be measured in compression, in tension, in shear and transversely (flexural strength). However, if we exclude plastic flow as a means of failure, then materials can only fracture in one of two ways (1) by the pulling apart of planes of atoms, i.e. tensile failure, or (2) by the slippage of planes of atoms, i.e. shear failure. Strength is essentially a measure of fracture stress, which is the point of catastrophic and imcontrolled failure because the initiation of a crack takes place at excessive stress values. 

Continuous Filament (%) Chopped Glass (%) Tensile Strength MPa Flexural Strength MPa Transverse Tensile Strength MPa Transverse Flexural Strength MPa... 

When considering off-axis properties, the fiber matrix adhesion has a greater effect on the transverse flexural strength than the transverse tensile strength. 

Fibers Transverse fracture Flexural strength Interlaminar shear Interlaminar... 

In the 90° direction, the fiber-matrix interphase is a controlling factor in the flexural strength. Here a 35% increase in flexural strength is measured in direct proportion to the increase in interfacial shear strength measured with the ITS tests. The transverse tensile strength of the fiber-matrix interphase is greater for the finished fiber than for the bare fiber. Apparently the lower toughness of the... 

Carbon/Aramid Fiber Sheet Jacketing Method. The application of carbon/aramid fiber sheet for the reinforcement of concrete pier is adopted when restricted conditions are present on site, such as no permit of sectional increase due to clearance limit or weight increase on the foundation. The sheet in longitudinal direction is effective to increase the flexural strength and the sheet in transverse direction acts as lateral reinforcement to raise the shear strength. Particularly the fiber sheet is concentrically bonded at the termination of longitudinal rebar at the mid-height. 

The grinding conditions used for finish grinding in this research are shown in Table 4.8 and Table 4.9. Table 4.8 is for the grinding conditions for RBSN ceramic and Table 4.9 is for the almnina ceramic. The grind directions were perpendicular to the direction of the tensile stress in the subsequent flexural strength test, which is groimd transverse to the length of the bar. 

For transverse grinding, i.e., when the grinding direction is perpendicular to the applied tensile stress, the flexural strength drops off when the wheel grit depth of cut, /imax/ is increased beyond a critical value. 

Since molded graphite does not deform plastically, at least at low temperatures, measurement of its tensile strength is difficult and unreliable. Instead, it is preferable to measure flexural (transverse) strength, which is a more reproducible property. Tensile strength is generally 50 to 60% of the flexural strength and compressive strength is approximately twice as much. 

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