Transportation in Small Containers

With pressure vessels for anhydrous ammonia (maximum allowable operating pressure about 2.5 MPa) 

With atmospheric pressure vessels for 25% aqueous ammonia 

A modern rail car loading station for anhydrous and aqueous ammonia is described in [1311], [1312], 

The distribution in rail cars (capacities normally up to 100 m3 Jumbo rail cars 150 m3) and trucks primarily serves to supply smaller processing operations and wholesale merchants. However, rail transport of liquid ammonia may to some extent supplement large marine and pipeline shipments. Reference [1318] examines rail freight cost. Normally, shipping liquid ammonia by truck is used only where other means of transport are not available, e.g., in the agricultural practice of direct fertilization. 

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Butane, in both gaseous and liquid form, is widely used as a fuel. Because it is easily stored and transported in small containers, it is used as a fuel for backpacking stoves, small space heaters, and portable torches. Butane is also the fuel most commonly used in cigarette lighters. It may be used in its pure form or in combination with propane as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Butane is also used as a fuel for larger household and industrial operations. 

D. Accident Statistics. GEST 90/159B presents transport accident statistics in the Euro Chlor countries over the 40-year period 1950-1990. They cover transport in small containers as well as bulk transport by road and rail. Pipeline transfer and transport by barge are not common techniques in Europe. Table 9.11 summarizes the findings. 

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