Transmission of light

Depending on the optical function of the materials, two application fields can be distinguished. The first applications concern the transmission of light and the second ones concern the optical energy transformation by the composites. 

For applications that need high RI composites, it is necessary to use metal oxide of high RI as fillers. As conventional polymers have RI in the range from 1.4 to 1.6, and the RI of multicomponent materials can be calculated by [55] 

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Sharpness. This describes the steepness of the electro-optical switching as a function of voltage. This is defined in tenns of the ratio of voltages required to achieve 90% compared to 10% transmission of light. This ratio should be as close to unity as possible. 

Absorbance. Analyte measurements in clinical analyzers using Hquid reagents are most commonly performed by transmission of light, ie, by absorbance photometry or colorimetry (Fig. 3a). The Hquid to be analyzed is either held in a cuvette or passed through a flowceU having transparent walls. 

Surface modification of a contact lens can be grouped into physical and chemical types of treatment. Physical treatments include plasma treatments with water vapor (siUcone lens) and oxygen (176) and plasma polymerization for which the material surface is exposed to the plasma in the presence of a reactive monomer (177). Surfaces are also altered with exposure to uv radiation (178) or bombardment with oxides of nitrogen (179). Ion implantation (qv) of RGP plastics (180) can greatiy increase the surface hardness and hence the scratch resistance without seriously affecting the transmission of light. 

O. S. Heavens. Optical Properties of Thin Solid Films. Buttcrworths, 1955. Chapter 4 presents a detailed mathematical description of the Fresnel fringing phenomenon for the transmission of light through thin films. 

Ferroelectric materials are capable of being polarized in the presence of an electric field. They may exhibit considerable anomalies in one or more of their physical properties, including piezoelectric and pyroelectric coefficients, dielectric constant, and optoelectronic constant. In the latter case, the transmission of light through the material is affected by the electric field, which produces changes in refractive index and optical absorption coefficient. Varying the applied field changes the phase modulation. 

Here B is the world average burden of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol in a column of air, in grams per square meter. The optical depth is then used in the Beer Law (which describes the transmission of light through the entire vertical column of the atmosphere). The law yields I/Iq = where I is the intensity of transmitted radiation, Iq is the incident intensity outside the atmosphere and e is the base of natural logarithms. In the simplest case, where the optical depth is much less than 1, (5 is the fraction of light lost from the solar beam because of... 

GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS Transmission of Light... 

Figure 7.6 Simulations of the transmission of light through continuous thin films of gold. Data courtesy of Dr A. Maaroof University of Technology Sydney.

Dillon, J., L. Zheng et al. (2004). Transmission of light to the aging human retina possible implications for age related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res. 79(6) 753-759. 

In the flocculated state for all suspensions, immediately after mixing, no transmission of light could be detected through the cuvette used and the sedimentation behaviour was different. Thus, instead of the parameters used for the pyrogenic silica systems we used the following characteristics for the precipitated silica mixtures to describe the flocculation and sedimentation behaviour ... 

Applying a voltage to a pixel within the cell causes the molecules to move, aligning themselves parallel with the electric field imparted by the electrodes. This realignment destroys the helical structure, precluding the unhindered transmission of light, and the display appears black. 

Transmission of light can vary from 60% up to 92% with haze of 3-4% and refractive index of about 1.52-1.53. 

The particular colour which we see from objects coloured with dyes and pigments arises from the absorption and selective reflection and transmission of light from the materials containing the colorants into our eyes, there to be received by the photoreceptors and interpreted by the brain. 

Polymer Structure, Transmittance and Birefringence. There is a great deal of variability in the light transmission properties of polymers. Some of this variability is due to structural differences, and some is dne to the presence of fillers and colorants that are purposely added to make otherwise transluscent polymers appear opaque. We will focus for the moment on strnctnral differences in polymers that lead to differences in the transmission of light. 

Equations (2.67)-(2.70) are the Fresnel formulas for reflection and transmission of light obliquely incident on a plane boundary. 

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