Transmission electron microscopy wide-angle scattering

Transmission electron microscopy for [Pd/l]coii reveals the presence of small spherical but in some cases agglomerated particles of ca. 4 nm mean size, and wide angle X-ray scattering analyses evidence the fee structure of bulk palladium [44] (Figure 1). 

Several simple relations have been proposed for the determination of the fractal dimensions from the results of such experiments as gas molecular probe method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering, neutron scattering, and laser light scattering.63,66,113 116 Among those techniques, gas molecular probe method and image analysis method have been widely used for the calculation of the surface... 

The dispersion structure of the blends both in the melt and in the solid state was imaged partly by light microscopy (LM), and partly by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), Infrared (IR) measurements, and torsional pendulum analysis at IHz were performed too. 

Microscopic examination (OM), small angle light scattering (SALS), scanning (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) wide (WAXS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) spectroscopy are other techniques usually necessary to characterize fully the polymer crystal morphology but will not be dwelt upon in this chapter. 

Crosslinked NR nanocomposites were prepared with montmorillonite. Morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). X-ray scattering patterns revealed clay intercalation and TEM showed dispersion with partial delamination. The loss modulus peak broadened with clay content, while Tg remain constant. Montmorillonite reinforced the rubber. The DMA exhibited non-linear behaviour typified as a Payne effect (see Section 20.11) that increased with clay content and was more pronounced for this type of nanocomposite. Viscoelastic behaviour was observed under large strains via recovery and stress relaxation. ... 

The micropore structure can be determined by several methods such as immersion calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and s- and liquid-phase adsorption, among which the most widely us is gas adsorption[7]. The pore structure of activated carbon is usually characterised in terms of the pore size distribution (PSD), perhaps die most imporlant aspect of characterization of die structural heterogeneity of porous solids used in industrial applications. This PSD could be obtained as an arbitrarily chosen form such as, for instance, mma or C ssian distribution[8]. For a local isodierm one may choose traditional mmlels, statistical mechanical methods such as DFT, or, most accurate for micropores, methods based on Monte Carlo simulation. 

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