Transfer line size

With a typical ablated particle size of about 1 -pm diameter, the efficiency of transport of the ablated material is normally about 50% most of the lost material is deposited on contact with cold surfaces or by gravitational deposition. From a practical viewpoint, this deposition may require frequent cleaning of the ablation cell, transfer lines, and plasma torch. 

Economy of time and resources dictate using the smallest sized faciHty possible to assure that projected larger scale performance is within tolerable levels of risk and uncertainty. Minimum sizes of such laboratory and pilot units often are set by operabiHty factors not directly involving internal reactor features. These include feed and product transfer line diameters, inventory control in feed and product separation systems, and preheat and temperature maintenance requirements. Most of these extraneous factors favor large units. Large industrial plants can be operated with high service factors for years, whereas it is not unusual for pilot units to operate at sustained conditions for only days or even hours. 

Whenever two-phase flow is encountered in facility piping it is usually in flowlines and interfield transfer lines. Some designers size liquid lines downstream of control valves as two-phase lines. The amount of gas involved in these lines is low and thus the lines are often sized as singlephase liquid lines. Oversizing two-phase lines can lead to increased slugging and thus as small a diameter as possible should be used consistent with pressure drop available and velocity constraints discussed in Volume 1. 

Polymer flow issues are concerns on the part of plant operations personnel that can arise when one proposes to put an in-line NIR probe (or pair of probes) into a polymer reactor or transfer line. These concerns tend to be plant or process-specific. Plant personnel are likely to be concerned if the probe will change the pressure drop in the line, create a cold spot in the reactor or line, protrude into the flow stream, or create dead spots (e.g. recessed probes or the downstream side of protruding probes). There may also be plant- or process-specific resfricfions on where probes (or analyzers) can be located, on pipe sizes, on the use of welds, and on materials of construction. It is critical to involve plant operations personnel (including process operators) as early as possible in discussions about probe design and location. 

The rule should be to keep the more hazardous mixts at minimum size. Transfer lines (such as fuses, quickmatch, etc) between prime ignition and first fire are regarded as a part of the secondary ignition system... 

Size and Power Requirement of a Pneumatic Transfer Line... 

The exact temperature at which the cloud point is reached depends on the total n-alkane content of the fuel, the average size of the n-alkane molecules, their size distribution and chain structure (e.g. degree of branching). Conventional diesels contain as much as 20% of long-chain n-alkanes of limited solubility in the fuel. Pyrolysis-diesels from PE feedstocks can contain more than 40% long-chain n-alkanes. Paraffins crystallize at low temperature into very thin rhombic plates which can clog filters, transfer lines, and pumps, and can lead to engine failure at low temperatures. 

Steam Requirement of a Turbine Operation 65 Performance of a Combustion Gas Turbine 67 Conditions of a Coal Slurry Pipeline 70 Size and Power Requirement of a Pneumatic Transfer Line 77... 

The operation of fermenters is basically the same regardless of size, but seed fermenters usually do not have sterile anti-foam and nutrient feeds piped to the tanks as the main fermenters have. Therefore, foaming in the seed fermenters can lead to infection, which is one of the reasons they need more attention. Careful inoculation procedures, sampling and sterilizing the transfer lines from the seed fermenter require alert personnel. Careful attention to these details is more important than the proximity of the seed and main fermenters. 

Panicles larger than about 50 pm can often be successfully separated in an overeized transfer line. However, very floe particles require excessively large chambers for example, if die particles in this example are reduced to 20 pm. die chamber size is increased to 14 ft x 14 ft x 140 ft,... 

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