Transducer/transduction array

The main advantage of piezoelectric devices is that, in principle, any process that results in a mass change at an interface can be measured. However, this very nonselective transduction process is also a major disadvantage in that it mandates the use of even more selective surface chemistries than are required for other types of chemical transducer systems. This will make the implementation of piezoelectric chemical sensing devices for ocean measurements rather difficult, but by no means impossible. Indeed, the coupling of pattern recognition techniques with an array of marginally selective piezoelectric transducers may, in the future, make these devices more useful for quantitative ocean measurements. 

Photoswitchable redox-enzymes 1. Amperometric transduction of optical information - biocomputers 2. Amplification of weak optical signals -photonic amplifiers 3. Multisensor arrays — biosensor and bioelectronics 4. Photoelectrochemical systems Enzyme immobilized on electronic transducer... 

Impedimetric measurements are inherently nonselective, but the modification of electrode surfaces with selective recognition agents has resulted in selective sensing devices based on impedimetric transducers. Reviews of immunosensors and cell-based biosensors include sections on impedance transduction [177, 250, and references therein]. A review of bioelec-tronic noses, devices intended to mimic the human olfactory system in detecting and identifying odors, includes interdigital structures for complex impedance measurements and arrays of capacitive sensor elements [251]. 

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