Transducer/transduction

Chow, W.S., Thome, S.W., Boardman, N.K. The movement of protons during energy transduction in the chloropiast thylakoid membrane. In Light Transducing Membranes (Deamer, D.W., ed.). New York, San Francisco, London Academic Press 1978, pp. 253-268... 

Biosensors will thus include a recognition element of biological nature, that allows the selective recognition of the analyte in the course of a biochemical reaction (chemical transduction), and an energy transducer (stemming from the latin word transducere, to lead across) that transforms... 

If the allelochemical is hydrophylic, it cannot enter into the cell and act from outside by binding with chemoreceptors. The compounds from allelopathically active plants may serve as chemosignals and their signalling occurs via alternative pathways (i) Chemoreceptor (sensors) — transducers (G-proteins) —> secondary messengers (Ca2+, cyclic AMP or GMP, inositol triphospate, etc) —> organelles or (ii) Chemoreceptor (sensors) —> ion channels —> action potential organelles, or (iii) Chemoreceptor (sensors) —> ion channels —> cytoskeleton— organelles (Roshchina, 2005 a). What is the effect of acted allelochemical on the pathways, could be analysed to study the effects of substances on separate sites of the transduction chain. 

To make the most advantageous glucose biosensor, it is important to combine the best transduction principle with the best immobilization protocol. As mentioned, the most progressive way to couple the oxidase and the electrode reaction is a low potential detection of hydrogen peroxide. Among available H202 transducers, Prussian blue is the most advantageous one. 

Transducers receive the signal and then pass it on in a different form. They can amplify the signal or integrate signals from multiple pathways. Most components of signal transduction pathways can be considered transducers. 

Hair cells are specialized mechanoreceptors located in the inner ear these cells transduce mechanical forces transmitted by sound and head movement, and permit an organism to sense features of the external world. Well-characterized biophysically, a molecular description of hair-cell transduction has finally begun to emerge. 

Since these proteins are difficult to crystallize and site-directed mutagenesis has certain limitations, PAL can find much use in exploring pathways, transducers, and effectors in signal transduction as well as some of their main structural features. 

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