Transdermal iontophoresis efficiency

Prausnitz, M.R., et al. 1996. Transdermal transport efficiency during skin electroporation and iontophoresis. J Control Release 38 205. 

Jadoul and Preat [56] have also proposed a similar explanation for the lack of synergistic effects on transdermal delivery of domperidone with combined electroporation (1 pulse of 1000 V with a time constant of 4 ms) and iontophoresis (0.4 mA/cm2) despite the fact that iontophoresis was switched on within a few seconds after electroporation. Combined pulsing and iontophoresis also did not improve penetration of sodium nonivamide acetate through nude mouse skin [51], Therefore, when combing the two protocols, it should be more efficient to use a system that delivers current during or immediately after pulsing without delay. 

During recent years, the topical delivery of liposomes has been applied to different applications and in different disease models (188). Current efforts in this area concentrate around optimization procedures and new compositions. Recently, highly flexible liposomes called transferosomes that follow the trans-epidermal water activity gradient in the skin have been proposed. Diclofenac in transferosomes was effective when tested in mice, rats and pigs (189). The concept of increased deformability of transdermal liposomes is supported by the results of transdermal delivery of pergolide in liposomes, in which elastic vesicles have been shown to be more efficient (190).The combination of liposomes and iontophoresis for transdermal delivery yielded promising results (191, 192). 

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