Toxicity nontarget arthropods

Not surprisingly, considering their highly efficacious and broad-spectrum insecticidal activity, SPs are highly toxic to honeybees and other nontarget arthropods. High levels of toxicity to aquatic arthropods have been reported [5]. Although of relatively low toxicity to birds, fish are also sensitive, probably because of a less... 

Table 8 Summary of laboratory nontarget arthropod toxicity endpoints...

Fenvalerate is extremely toxic to representative nontarget aquatic organisms and to some beneficial terrestrial arthropods at concentrations substantially lower than those recommended to control pestiferous insects. Toxic effects are associated primarily with the 2.S, a.S -isomcr and are exacerbated at low temperatures. Birds, mammals, and terrestrial plants are normally tolerant. 

Some toxic consequences of neonicotinoids for nontarget beneficial aquatic and terrestrial arthropods such as bees can be expected since these creatures have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as functional components of the cholinergic system similar to those of insect pests. Surprisingly, neonicotinoid toxicity to numerous nontarget insect species and wildlife marker vertebrates, for example, rainbow trout, is lower than expected. In general, the environmental safety of neonicotinoids surpasses that of other insecticides. 

As broad-spectrum insecticides, the synthetic pyrethroids are necessarily toxic to a wide range of arthropods. Most insect orders are extremely susceptible, including many types of beneficial predator and parasite species. Synthetic pyrethroids are also toxic to fish and nontarget aquatic insects and cmstaceans. Fenvalerate, for example, enters freshwater aquatic environments in runoff from food crop use, in drift from forest-spray... 

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