Toxicity hepatotoxicity

The MAOIs are as effective as the heterocyclic antidepressants and the newer agents, such as the SSRIs. However, at least two forms of life-threatening toxicity (hepatotoxicity and dietary tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis ) have been associated with their chronic use. For this reason, the MAOIs are not considered first-line agents in the treatment of depression. They are generally reserved for treatment of depressions that resist therapeutic trials of the newer, safer antidepressants. However, a new transdermal formulation of selegiline undergoing clinical trials demonstrates antidepressant efficacy without concerns of liver toxicity or dietary tyramine-induced hypertension. 

As with carbamazepine, phenytoin also causes idiosyncratic toxic effects, including hematological and connective tissue toxicities, hepatotoxicity, and teratogenicity (89). Although some of these toxicities have been hypothesized to be caused by P450 oxidative metabolism (92,93) or peroxidase-mediated reactions (94,95), mechanisms for these toxic effects in humans are unknown. 

Adverse effects Side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Bone marrow depression is the chief toxicity. Hepatotoxicity has also been reported. 

Thiopurine methyltransferase Poor TPMT methylators 6-Mercaptopurine 6-Thioguanine Azathioprin Bone marow toxicity, hepatotoxicity... 

A large body of evidence is available examining the acute toxicity of acetaminophen in animal models. Mice and rats have been widely used to study the toxic effects of acetaminophen. Since the rat is relatively resistant, the mouse has been the most widely used species to study both the mechanisms of acetaminophen toxicity and to examine chemicals that potentiate or protect from the toxicity. Hepatotoxic-ity and nephrotoxicity are the two main effects associated with acute overdose of acetaminophen. Of these, death in most species is due to acute hepatic failure. LD50 values range from 350 to 4500mgkg depending on the species and the route of acetaminophen administration, mice (LD50 350-... 

Fever fluid retention hypotension respiratory distress rash anemia thrombocytopenia nausea and vomiting diarrhea capillary leak syndrome nephrotoxicity myocardial toxicity hepatotoxicity erythema nodosum neutrophil chemotactic defects... 

Toxicity Hepatotoxicity from methotrexate Could be serious... 

Toxicity hepatotoxicity (AAS) no major toxicity through phase II... 

Nitroprusside (Nipride) Converted to nitric oxide, which induces cGMP. cGMP stimulates a phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation cascade. Ultimately dephosphorylates myosin, causing smooth muscle relaxation. Continuous intravenous infusion used in hypertensive crisis. Severe hypotension, cyanide toxicity, hepatotoxicity. 

Nucleoside reverse Iranscriplase inhibilors (NRTI) Abacavir 1.54 0.63 h Chronic Lactic acidosis, mitochondrial toxicity, hepatotoxicity. Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting hypersensitivity (fatal reactions reported) perioral paresthesias. 

Major Applications Detergent, hair dyes, prevention of colorectal cancer, treating inflanunatory bowel disease, autoimmune disorders, gastrointestinal inflanunation, chemokine-mediated diseases, mucosal tissue disorder, sleep disorders, rectoanal tenesmus, ulcerative colitis Safety/Toxicity Hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, - nephrotocicity, risk of renal disease, " safety in pregnancy, side effects ... 

Safety/Toxicity Cytotoxicity,chemical toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity ... 

A large meta-analysis including data on 26,446 adults and 3975 children on either NVP or EFV foxmd that severe skin toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and hypersensitivity reactions were all significantly more likely to occur in those on NVP. Those on EFV were more likely to experience neuropsychiatric side effects. Those on NVP were more than twice as likely to discontinue treatment due to side effects (OR 2.2 95% Cl 1.9-2.6) [244 ]. 

Safety/Toxicity Acute toxicity carcinogenicity c5rtotoxicity DNA damage embryotoxicity geno-toxicity hepatotoxicity mutagenicity neuro-... 

Industrial Applications Nonlinear optical material " photographic material " " Semiconductors" Safety/Toxicity Hepatotoxicity "... 

Safety/Toxicity Bacterial toxicity bone marrow tox-icity carcinogenicity cytotoxicity hemato-toxicity hepatotoxicity nephrotoxicity neurotox-icity immunotoxicity cardiovascular toxicity respiratory toxicity vascular toxicity ... 

Industrial Applications Photographic materials Safety/Toxicity Hepatotoxicity mutagenicity re-... 

Industrial Applications Not reported Safety/Toxicity Hepatotoxicity ploem mobility of xenobiotics " retinal toxicity ... 

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