Toxic trauma reduction

The key stages in the reduction of toxic trauma both to the original victims and to responders are as follows ... 

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of resistance to erythropoietic therapy. Evaluation and treatment of iron deficiency should occur prior to initiation of erythropoietic therapy as previously discussed (see Figs. 44—1 and 44—2). Inflammation (localized or systemic infection, active inflammatory disease, or surgical trauma) is associated with defective iron utilization known as reticuloendothelial block. Reticuloendothelial block is characterized by a reduction in iron delivery from body stores to the bone marrow, and is generally refractory to iron therapy. Failure to respond to erythropoietic therapy requires evaluation of other factors causing resistance, such as infection, inflammation, chronic blood loss, aluminum toxicity, hemoglobinopathies, malnutrition, and hyperparathyroidism. Erythropoietic therapy may be continued in the infected or postoperative patient, although increased doses are often required to maintain or slow the rate of decline in Hgb/Hct. Deficiencies in folate and vitamin Bi2 should also be considered as potential causes of resistance to erythropoietic therapy, as both are essential for optimal erythropoiesis. Patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis should be routinely... 

Stress produces a 40% reduction in nonprotein sulfhydryl of the liver in the mouse exposure to cold, ligation trauma, and injection of toxic... 

Skeletal muscle is responsible for maintenance of stmctural contours of the body and control of movements. Extreme temperature, sharp traumas or exposure to myotoxic agents are among the reasons of skeletal muscle injury. Tissue engineering is an attractive approach to overcome the problems related to autologous transfer of muscle tissue. It could also be a solution to donor shortage and reduction in surgery time. The studies demonstrate the absence of toxic residuals and satisfactory mechanical properties of the scaffold [41]. 

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