Toulmin, Stephen

Toulmin, Stephen E. "The Evolutionary Development of Natural Science." American Scientist 55 (1967) 456471. 

Toulmin, Stephen. 1967. In Paul Edward s, ed. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (vols. 5 6). New York Macmillan. 

Toulmin, Stephen, and June Goodheld. The Fabric of the Heavens The Development of Astronomy and Dynamics. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1999. 

Thomas Kuhn, Structure, 172173. Stephen E. Toulmin, "The Evolutionary Development of Natural Science," American Scientist 55 (1967) 456471. David L. Hull, Science as a Process An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1988) and Robert J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1987). 

See Stephen E. Toulmin, Cosmopolis The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (New York Free Press, 1990), for an analysis of this seventeenth-century program. 

Stephen Touhnin rejected the positivist-Whig notion of instant rationality according to which, in 1775, Lavoisier used the crucial experiment on the calcination and revivification of mercury by heat alone to discredit the phlogiston theory and establish the oxygen theory. As Toulmin noted, Priesdey responded to this experiment in 1783 with a crucial experiment of his own. Priestley appealed to the reaction between minium (lead oxide) and inflammable air (hydrogen) over water as a counter demonstration , in which the phlogiston... 

Allan Janik and Stephen Edelston Toulmin, Wittgenstein s Vienna (New York Simon and Schuster, 1973). 

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