Topographic index

Fig. 8-7 Three principal ratios control the style of runoff generation prevalent in a landscape (1) ratio of rainfall intensity to the infiltration capacity of the soil (2) ratio of bedrock conductivity to soil conductivity and (3) the topographic index defined by the ratio of the upslope drainage area to the ground slope. HOF = Horton overland flow SOF = saturation overland flow SSS = subsurface stormflow GWR = groundwater flow.

Page T, Haygarth PM, Beven KJ et al (2005) Spatial variability of soil phosphorus in relation to the topographic index and critical source areas sampling for assessing risk to water quality. J Environ Qual 34 2263—2277... 

Abrams JK, Johnson PL, Shekhar A, Lowry CA (2002) Different anxiogenic drugs activate a common, topographically distinct subpopulation of serotonergic neiu-ones in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Program No 75.1. 2002 abstract viewer/itinerary planner. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, http //sfn.scholarone.eom/itin2002/index.html. Cited 20 December 2004... 

Photothermal deflection spectroscopy — Photothermal deflection is a photothermal spectroscopic technique used to detect the changes in the refractive index of the fluid above an illuminated sample by the deflection of a laser beam. There are two sources from which the thermal deflection effect might appear. One of them is produced by a gradient in the refractive index after a thermal excitation where the density also varies with temperature, in the so-called mirage effect. And the other one is produced by the topographical deformation of the surface over which the laser beam is reflected. This effect is known as photothermo-elastic effect or surface photothermal deflection [i]. 

These polarity descriptors combine charge and geometry. Dipole moments are used to model dipole-monopole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and other interactions. Both molecular dipole (fi) as well as bond dipole moments may be defined for neutral molecules. A bond dipole moment due to atoms k and / separated by distance, rki, can be defined as (]i-The topographic electronic index defined in Eq. [12] is another measure (index) of polarity.The sum extends over the number of bonded atoms, N. ... 

The segmentation of molecular surfaces can be carried out on the basis of different surface qualities.Here we shall focus on a segmentation with respect to topographical criteria. The shape analysis is based on the surface topography index (STI) described previously. Following Heiden and Brickmann, a six class linguistic variable... 

The three-dimensional Wiener number (3-W) was introduced by Trinajstic and his co-workers and is based on the topographic (geometric) distance matrix. Thus, one can encode information on geometric diastereomers and conformers. The original Wiener number (two-dimensional Wiener index, denoted by Wor 2-lT) " was based on the distance matrix whose entries are topological distances between nonhydrogen atoms (2-Dij) and is the half-sum of all of these entries ... 

Topological and topographical indices In QSP/AR, this class of descriptors is extensively used by chemists. Extensive literature on the subject exists, and many novel indices are still being introduced. Among the classic ones, the Wiener index is best known.This index is... 

The Nomarski differential interference contrast technique accentuates changes in specimen thickness and refractive index in transmission without giving the haloes round fine features that distract from the usefulness of the phase-contrast technique. In reflection, images are obtained that strongly accentuate the topographical features present. 

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