Tools and techniques in molecular biology

The key to manipulation in molecular biology is the isolation, cloning and identification of genomic information in an appropriately useful DNA form. From this all else flows (see Section 3.1). What are the main tools and techniques available  

A host is an organism that carries recombinant pDNA harbouring heterologous DNA. The chemical biology reader in approaching molecular biology should have already noticed that E. coli tends to be the most widely used workhorse organism for most experiments in 

Agarose j3-D-Galp -(1 4) and 3, 6-anhydro a-L-Galp -(1- 3) linked polymer 

For many years, the standard approach was to set up four simultaneous reactions with equivalent, defined concentrations of complementary DNA strand, primer and four de-oxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) substrates. Each reaction differed only in having a low mol per cent of a single radioactively labelled dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP) substrate (either ddATP, ddGTP, ddCTP or ddTTP). These ddNTPs possess neither l nor 3 hydroxyl group and therefore prevented further DNA polymerisation whenever they were incorporated into 

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Immunoelectron microscopy is not limited to nucleic acid localization but is also an essential component in the localization of a specific protein, polysaccharide, or theoretically any hapten under study. Therefore, immunoelectron microscopy is a valuable tool when it comes to the study of gene expression. Electron microscopy is a valuable tool in molecular biology and is even more powerful when combined with immunochemical techniques. 

Among the tools that permit one to obtain molecular information about interfaces [e.g., x-ray and neutron scattering, solid state nmr (2)], fluorescence quenching methods (3) offer some important advantages. They are sensitive. The equipment is readily available and relatively inexpensive. There is scope and versatility to those methods. There are many sources in the literature one can turn to for ideas for new experiments to study systems composed of synthetic polymers, because of the wide-spread applications of fluorescence techniques in the biological sciences (4). This chapter provides a brief Introduction to some applications of fluorescence quenching to study interfaces in polymer systems. 

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