Tomato juice concentration

Development of a Tomato Juice Concentration System by Reverse Osmosis... 

There have been many studies on the application of membrane technology to food Industries. Few have, however, reached a commercial success except those of dairy processes (1) DAICEL has been studying since 1971 the application of its cellulose acetate RO membranes and polyacrylonitrile UF membranes to food, pharmaceutical, medical, paper and other industries. As to the use of membranes in food industries other than dairy processes, only two cases were developed to a semicommercial scale, that is, grape juice concentration for wine must and tomato juice concentration for processing and storage of the juice till next harvest. 

Figure 3. Water flux as a function of tomato juice concentration observed by using 12 membrane tubes. Circulating the juice and discarding the permeate.

Figure 7. The effect of tomato juice concentration on the viscosity observed at 20°C by using a disc-rotating viscosimeter...

Tomato juice concentration observed along the juice flow through 72 membrane tubes at various jeed velocities... 

Figure 13. Water flux as the function of tomato juice concentration. Semicommercial plant (72 membrane tubes X 20 lines).

Figure 15. The influence of tomato juice concentration on pressure drop (semicommercial system)...

Table I. Chemical Changes during Processing of Tomato Juice (Concentrations in mmol/100 g dry matter)...

Oral liquid concentrates are available for use in patients who can more easily swallow a liquid. These concentrates are light sensitive and dispensed in amber or opaque bottles to help protect the concentrate from light. They are administered mixed in liquids such as fruit juices, tomato juice, milk, or carbonated beverages. Semisolid foods, such as soups or puddingy, may also be used. Perphenazine (Trilafon) concentrate should not be mixed with beverages containing caffeine (coffee, cola), tea, or apple juice because of the risk of incompatibility. 

Sharon, Z., Berk, Z. Freeze-drying of tomato juice and concentrate, studies of heat and mass transfer, p. 115 bis 122. International Institute of Refrigeration (Comm. X, Lausanne, 1969)... 

The fate of pectin in plant macerates and juices has been extensively studied.44 Perhaps the case that has received the most attention is that of tomato juice, and especially of the various concentrates made from it, since here again pectin has a dominant effect on consistency,480 66 and this... 

NMR imaging techniques were applied to the measurements of velocity field in opaque systems such as tomato juice and paper pulp suspensions [58-60]. In both cases, the particle concentrations are sufficiently high that widely applied techniques such as hot film and laser Doppler anemometry could not be used. The velocity profile for a 6 % tomato juice slurry clearly showed a power-law behavior [58, 59]. Row NMR images for a 0.5 % wood pulp suspension provided direct visual of three basic types of shear flow plug flow, mixed flow and turbulent flow as mean flow rate was increased. Detailed analysis of flow NMR image is able to reveal the complex interaction between the microstructure of suspensions and the flow [60]. 

An example of a nonoccupational exposure is methanol, which is formed endogenously, probably as the result of the activities of intestinal flora or enzymatic processes. It is present in a number of consumer products. Methanol may be present in low concentrations in some foods, juices, and alcoholic beverages. Methanol can also be derived from the intestinal enzymatic hydrolysis of the artificial sweetener aspartame, which results in methanol absorption from the intestine (Butchko et al. 2002). It is estimated that a 355-mL serving of aspartame-sweetened beverages and of various fruit and tomato juices may contribute about 20-100 mg of dietary methanol (Butchko et al. 2002). For comparison purposes, exposure at the current Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average of methanol (262 mg/m3) would result in a daily dose of about 1,500 mg, assuming an 8-hour inhaled volume of 10 m3 of air and absorption of 57%. 

Paetau, I. et al.. Chronic ingestion of lycopene-rich tomato juice or lycopene supplements significantly increases plasma concentrations of lycopene and related tomato carotenoids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68, 1187, 1998. 

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