Toad venom

Brodie, E. D., Jr. (1977). Hedgehogs use toad venom in their own defense. Nature 268,627-628. 

Zhang, P., Cui, Z., Liu, D., Wang, D., Liu, N. and Yoshikawa, M. 2005. Quality evaluation of traditional Chinese drug Toad Venom from different origins through a simultaneous determination of bufogenins and indole alkaloids by HPCL. Chemistry and Pharmacy Bulletin, 53(12) 1582-1586. 

Andrew Weil, M.D., 60 Minutes, March 2001 (One of the biggest names in alternative medicine. Dr. Weil is alleged to have tried drugs ranging from LSD to toad venom and Yage.)... 

Bufogenins or Bufagins These are nitrogen-free steroidal lactones that are heart toxins found in toad venom. They have no chemical resemblance to bufotenine whatsoever. 

Why should toads cause such reactions in humans Many species of toads have evolved a spectacular defense mechanism that prevents them from becoming a predator s next meal. When frightened, the toads activate glands behind their eyes and secrete a mixture of toxins that will convince an attacker to look elsewhere for its next meal. Scientists have identified as many as fifteen different compounds in toad venom, each... 

Resibufogenin] Bufo sp. (toad) (venom) Na+, K+-ATPase [cardiotonic,... 

The Chinese medicine Ch an su, which is derived from dried toad venom, also contains bufalin and cinobufaginal, and has repeatedly been linked with serious, even fatal, cardiotoxicity (59). 

Brubacher JR, Ravikumar PR, Bania T, Heller MB, Hoffman RS. Treatment of toad venom poisoning with digoxin-specific Fab fragments. Chest 1996 110(5) 1282-8. 

Kwan T, Paiusco AD, Kohl L. Digitalis toxicity caused by toad venom. Chest 1992 102(3) 949-50. 

Gowda RM, Cohen RA, Khan lA. Toad venom poisoning resemblance to digoxin toxicity and therapeutic imphca-tions. Heart 2003 89(4) el4. 

Hydroxy tryptamine is also an active constituent of many venoms, e.g., wasp venom (441) and toad venom (237, 883). 

Resibufogenin, (30,50,150>-I4,ls-Epoxy-3-kydr-oxy-5-bufa-20,22-dienolide Respigon. CMHJ204 mol wt 384.50. C 74.97%, H 8.39%, O 16.65%. Cytotoxic constituent of toad venom. Isoln Meyer, Helv. Chim, Acta 35, 2444 (1952) Linde, Meyer, Pharm, Acta Helv. 33, 327 (1958). Structure Thiessen, Chem. Ind. (London) 1988, 440 ... 

Verpoorte, R. etal. 1979- Chemical constituents of Viemamese toad venom coUect-cAbomBtfi>melanosdctmScixa. des Journal ofEthnopharmacology 1(2) 197-202. 

Deulofeu, V. andE. Rtivedai97i. The basic constituents of toad venoms In V n-omous Vhtebrates. Venomous Animals and their Venoms, blume 2. Aademic Press, New York. pp. 475—495. 

Bufotenin (5-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a constituent of toad venom (Lyttle 1993) and various legumes. Synthetic preparation of 5-hydroxytryptamines (Ek 1953) (Justoni 1960) (Speeter 1955). 

Ch an su, the dried toad venom, was reported as useful in local inflammatory conditions, to arrest hemorrhage of the gums, sinusitis, toothache, and for canker sores (Herpes) in the Pentsao in 1596 (93). 

V. Deulofeu and E.A. RCiveda, "The Basic Constituents of Toad Venoms" in "Venomous Animals and Their Venoms (W.BOcherl E.Buckley, Eds.), Vol.II Academic Press, New York, 1971, Chapter 38. 

K. Meyer and H. Linde, "Collection of Toad Venoms and Chemistry of the Toad Venom Steroids", ibid.. Chapter 40. 

Bufotoxin Bufotenine (toad venom) love stone Chan su Purported aphrodisiac hallucinogen Cardiac glycosides (see p 155). 

A. Digoxin-specific Fab fragments will bind other cardiac glycosides including digitoxin, ouabain, oleander glycosides, and possibly glycosides in lily of the Nile, strophanthus, squill, and toad venom Bufo species cardenolides). 

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