TNT based explosives

Mixtures of TNT, RDX, and/or AN are used as TNT-based explosives. Various additives such as aluminum powder, barium nitrate, and/or some other small amounts of materials are used. Densities are in the range 1450-1810 kg m l Aluminum powder is added to obtain bubble energy when used in underwater conditions. 

---

A kit for detecting explosives on suspects hands or clothing — Explosives Handling Detection Kit — was developed by Newhouser and Dougherty in 1972 [96]. It was designed to detect three types of explosives, defined by the authors as TNT-based explosives, RDX-based explosives, and NG-... 

Though the theoretical detonation velocity and pressure at the CJ point are expressed by very simplified expressions, the computed results obtained by means of Eq. (9.7) are confirmed by measured data for RDX- and TNT-based explosives, as shown in Table 9.110 (Cp-B indicates Composition B , with the two columns relating to different particle sizes). 

Y. Nomura J. Sato, TNT-Based Explosive Compositions Containing Acrylamide Polymer Gel as Plasticizer. II. Detonation Velocity in the Closed State , KKK 29 (6), 427-31... 

AWRE-PERME-RARDE Explosives Committee, Working Party on Use of Beeswax in TNT-Based Explosives (1977) 106) J.E. Ablard,... 

Studies on the Crystallization of TNT-Based Explosives , paper presented at JTCG/TTCP Expls Conf, Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak, Silver Spring (18—20 Oct 1977)... 

This report deals with the dynamic response of the solid-state gas sensors when the gaseous composition of the atmosphere is intentionally varied. The study is focused on the featuring of the chemical composition of the atmosphere using the information extracted from the transients of the response. Theoretical analysis of the surface processes in the sensors is aimed at a description of the response kinetics by a set of the parameters acceptable for the featuring of an odour. The method was tested by experimental investigations of the response kinetics under exposure to various volatile compounds including that Ifom TNT based explosives. 

Typical responses of several types of the sensors to the headspace of explosives are compared in Figure 5. The complete transients (including the rise and the fall of the signal) were measured for the TNT-based explosives. 

One of these constituent curves is attributed to a fast response to one of the volatile compounds emitted from the TNT based explosives. Some traces of saturated signal can be related to these fast responses. In addition to the fast term, the curve representing much slower response to the smell is also visible in the measured signal. This constituent curve superimposes the fast response. There is no tendency towards the saturation in this constituent curve representing the slow response term. Monotonous increase of this term indicates a poisoning of the surfaces by some of the volatile compounds. 

In Figure 6, the responses to three types of the TNT based explosives are compared for one sensor from the array. 

Bishop, R.L., R.L. Flesner, S.A. Larson, and D.A. Bell. 2000. Base hydrolysis of TNT-based explosives. Journal of Energetic Materials 18(4) 275-288. 

DMMP), dimethyl phosphonate (DMHP) or diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) are commonly used as simulants. For nitroaromatic detection, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a commonly used simulant, although many TNT-based explosives often have a significant component of 2,4-DNT in the vapor signature. 

---