Titanium oxide, extraction reduction

Titanium cesium alum, 6 50 Titanium (II) chloride from disproportionation of titanium (III) chloride, 6 56, 61 Titanium(III) chloride, 6 52, 57 Titanium (IV) chloride, reduction of, with hydrogen, 6 52, 57 Titanium complex compounds, cations, with acetylacetone, [Ti-(C.H. hTiCl, and [Ti(C6H7-0,),]FeCl , 2 119, 120 Titanium(IV) oxide, extraction of, from ilmenite, 5 79, 81 to titanium powder with calcium, 6 47... 

Ryan, J. N., and P. M. Gschwend (1991), "Extraction of Iron Oxides from Sediments Using Reductive Dissolution by Titanium(III)," Clays and Clay Minerals, in press. 

Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I. 71 1623-1630 Rustad, J.R. Felmy A.R. Hay, B.P. (1996) Molecular statics calculations for iron oxide and oxyhydroxide minerals Toward a flexible model of the reactive mineral-water interface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1553—1562 Ryan, J.N. Gschwend, P.M. (1991) Extraction of iron oxides from sediments using reductive dissolution by titanium(III). Clays Clay Min. 39 509-518... 

Metals are important resources and have a wide range of applications. Metals are often extracted from ores. Once the ore is mined, the metals must be extracted, usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction. Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures to convert ore into raw metals, while hydrometalluigy employs aqueous chemistry for the same purpose. The methods used depend on the metal and their contaminants. Most metals are obtained by hydrometallurgical processes such as aqueous acids or alkalis are predominantly used to dissolve the metal oxides, sulfides, or silicates. Electrowinning and solvent extraction are frequently used to recover and concentrate the metals. A limited number of high-temperature molten salts have also been used for the recovery of refractory metals, such as titanium and aluminum, from their ores... 

The reactions of metals to form stable halides are important for various reasons. The metal halides generally have low boiling points and high volatiUty. For this reason, they are used in several important processes for the production and refining of metals, such as the reactive metals titanium and zirconium. These metals are produced using the Kroll process, in which the metal oxide is converted to metal chloride or fluoride, which is then reduced to metal. This route avoids several formidable difficulties involved in the reduction of the oxides of these metals. Details of these processes can be found in extractive-metallurgy textbooks. 

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