Tilt angle of the

The value of the angle of tilting of the texture can be determined from the analysis of x-ray fiber diagrams. As Urbanczyk noted [18], the position of layer reflexes oil and ill or the position of equatorial reflexes 010 and 100 can be analyzed. In the first case, the tilting angle of the texture (v ) can be determined from the equation ... 

The compounds crystallise in noncentrosymmetric space groups namely PI, P2i, C2, and P2i2i2i (but with priority of P2i) due to the chirality of the molecules. Most of the compounds have a tilted layer structure in the crystalline state. The tilt angle of the long molecular axes with respect to the layer normal in the crystal phase of the compounds is also presented in Table 18. Some compounds show larger tilt angles in the crystalline state than in the smectic phase. In the following only the crystal structures of some selected chiral liquid crystals will be discussed. 

Tilt angle of the long molecular axes with respect to the layer normal in the crystal structures. These compounds show a bent structure. 

Fig. 15. Tilt angles of the different molecular fragments as a function of temperature for polyphilic compound FsHnOCB aromatic core (circles), alkyl chain (crosses) and perfluoroalkyl chain (diamonds) (Ostrovskii et al. [45])...

The solution to access the invisible areas is readily copied from texture analysis tilt the sample by y and receive 1 data point on the meridian that corresponds to S3 = (2/A) sin y/. The result of the mapping is shown in Fig. 2.7. Thus by recording a series of images taken at different tilt angles of the fiber the blind area can be covered to a sufficient extent. Finally, the remnant blind spots may be covered by means of... 

Problems arise, as the orientation distribution starts to split, but the split nature is not yet discernible. Thunemann [257] is discussing this problem in his thesis. He describes, how to determine the true tilt angle of the structural entities, and he determines the minimum tilt angle that is required for the split nature to become detectable (Fig. 9.8). We observe that, in practice, a split nature of Lorentzian orientation distributions (solid line) is detected earlier than a split nature of Gaussians - at least up to an apparent17 integral breadth of 70°. The reason is that Lorentzians are more pointed than Gaussians - in the vicinity of their maximum. 

One of the shortcomings of oblique-texture diffraction pattern is the formation of the dead zone around the texture axis and, thus, the absence of reflections located outside the interference field of the pattern. To reduce of dead zone, one has to obtain diffraction patterns as to maximum possible tilt angles of the texture axis to the beam (60-80°). 

Where Jo and S are the current density of the primary beam and the area of the irradiated sample, Z is the wave length, Ohki the structure factor amplitude, Q the volume cell, Z a factor that takes the microstructure of sample into account (Zm - for a mosaic single crystalline film, Zt - for a texture film), t is the sample thickness, dhu the interplanar spacing, a represents the mean angular distribution of the microcrystallites in the film, p is a multiplicity factor (accounts for the number of reflections of coincidence), R is a horizontal coordinate of a particular reflection in DP from textures and (p is the tilt angle of the sample. In the case of polycrystalline films, a local intensity is usually measured and the corresponding relation is ... 

The modeling of electron diffraction by the pattern decomposition method, for which no structural information is required, can be successfully applied for extraction of the diffraction information from the pattern. Several parameters can be refined during the procedure of decomposition, including the tilt angle of the specimen the unit cell parameters peak-shape parameters intensities. The procedure consists of fitting, usually with a least-squares refinement, a calculated model to the whole observed diffraction pattern. 

Tilt angle of the textured specimen in respect to the primary electron... 

Three tilt series of ED patterns, tilted along the (h 0 0), (0 0 1) and (2h -h 0) axes, were collected on a JEOL 2000FX electron microscope (Fig. 1). Due to the limited specimen tilt angles of the microscope ( 45°), several crystals with different orientations are used for collecting a complete ED patterns. From these tilt series, 13 zone axes that contained strong and/or many reflections were chosen for 3D reconstruction [001], [010], [011], [012], [013], [014], [021], [023], [120], [121], [122], [241] and [5 18 0]. 

As already indicated in Fig. 9.9 and 9.12, the induced molecular dipole by 4 -subtituent should have a significant impact upon the tilt angle of the bonded molecule. This was examined in great detail using ER-FTIR spectroscopy of SAMs of several 4 -subtituted-4-mercaptobiphenyls on Au(lll) and Ag(lll) [10]. 

Because of the dependence of the inner sphere relaxivity on l/r, the Gd-water proton distance is extremely important in determining the efficacy of a CA. In Fig. 8 the experimental profile of [GdDTPA(H20)] is shown and also the best-fit curve obtained with a th value of 3.1 A, compared with two calculated profiles corresponding to th values of 2.95 (upper curve) and 3.25 A. A variation of this parameter of only 0.15 A changes the relaxivity about 16% at low fields. Estimates from X-ray data of the Gd-0 distance are affected by some errors as the tilt angle of the water molecule in solution is not defined with precision. 

Next we calculate the surface free energy as function of the slope parameters p and q, which denote the tangents of the tilting angles of the surface with the [110] and the [001] directions. Both parameters q and p will be considered small, so we restrict ourselves to vicinal surface orientations. 

The differences in submolecular image contrast between the two structures were considered to be a consequence of different tilting angles of the adsorbed molecules. 

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