Through-space transmission between

Through-space transmission between two proximate moieties... 

Tormena and co-workers have studied through-space interactions between F and H nuclei in 2-fluorobenzaldehyde (Fig. 9b) by NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The authors discussed unusual transmission pathways for 7(F,H) in detail. The calculations performed at the SOPPA(CCSD)/EPR-III//MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ theory level providedJ(H,F) of 0.55 Hz (crs) and —2.58 Hz trans) the value of 0.48 Hz was measured in dmso-de solution. 

Radiation is fundamentally different from conduction as it describes the transfer of heat between two substances that are not in contact with each other. Like conduction, radiation is an independent form of heat transfer. Ignoring the conflicts of wave and quantum theory, radiation, refers to the transmission of electromagnetic energy through space. 

The transmission of charge between substituent and reaction centre via inductive and through-space pathways (field effect) is not readily separated and it is the convention that these effects are combined under the field effect mantra. More details of the separation of field and through-bond inductive effects are discussed in the review of Bowden and Grubbs. ... 

In the past, the concept of field has been elaborated for modeling an action at a distance, which could explain how some information could be transmitted between entities through space. Nowadays, the concept of exchanged particle is proposed for replacing a field for instance, the photon is the vector of the electromagnetic field. However, the question of the speed of transmission remains a problem to be solved with regard to the (apparent ) immediacy of many phenomena. 

Heat transfer is the study of energy movement in the form of heat, which occurs in many types of processes. The transfer occurs from the high to the low temperature regions. Therefore a temperature gradient has to exist between the two regions for heat transfer to happen. It can be done by conduction (within one solid or between two solids in contact), by convection (between two fluids or a fluid and a solid in direct contact with the fluid), by radiation (transmission by electromagnetic waves through space) or by combination of the above three methods. 

I oise Transmission Reduction in HVACSystems. One common use of sound-absorbing treatment is to reduce noise transmission in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems (6). The treatments ate used to reduce the transmission of fan noise and air turbulence noise through ducts into occupied spaces. Noise transmission reduction in duct systems is described in terms of insertion loss, the difference in sound power level or sound pressure level measured at a given location before and after installation of the treatment or sound attenuation, the reduction in sound power between two locations affected by a sound source. The units ate decibels. 

THz spectroscopy was born from research efforts to produce and detect ultra-short electrical currents as they traveled down a transmission line.26 In 1988-1989, it was discovered that electromagnetic radiation pulses produced by time-varying current could be propagated through free space and picked up by a detector.27 By placing a sample between a THz source and detector, one could measure the differences in radiation pulses due to scattering or absorption by the sample to understand its chemical properties. 

A parallel-sided PLZT plate is positioned between two crossed Polaroid plates and the major faces of all three elements are normal to a parallel beam of monochromatic light (2 = 750 nm). The thickness of the PLZT plate is 1 mm and the electrodes, spaced 1 mm apart, are arranged such that a uniform electric field can be applied through the volume of the PLZT plate parallel to its major faces and at 45° to the transmission axis of each Polaroid plate. 

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