Thromboglobulin

Alphafoetoprotein, Ancrod, Anti-D Immunoglobulin, Antithrombin III total, Apolipoprotein B, Haemoglobin A2 and F Lysate, Heparin, Protamine Protein C, Fibrinogen, Plasmin a-Thrombin, Antithrombins, (3-Thromboglobulin, Haemiglo-bincyanide... 

Chemokines (alternatively known as intercrines, PF-4 superfamily of cytokines or SIS cytokines) are members of a superfemily of small (8-10 kDa), inducible, secreted, pro-inflammatory cytokines. The sequences of members of the chemokinc family have a conserved four-cysteine motif, and are divided into two branches with the first two cysteines separated by another amino acid residue (C-X-C), or the first two cysteines are adjacent (C-C) (Oppenheim et al., 1991). The C-X-C chemokines include IL-8, /3-thromboglobulin (/3-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4), and the C-C chemokines include MIP-la, MIP-I18, RANTES, MCP-l/MCAF, MCP-2 and MCP-3. 

Fig. 8 In vitro hemocompatibility of solution-cast P3HB films, compared to that of P3HB films modified with 30% each of at-P3HB, dg-P3HB, TEC (leached), and BTHC PLLA films for comparison. Activation of a cellular coagulation (release of /3-thromboglobulin, control = collagen), b plasmatic coagulation (release of prothrombin fragment Fl+2, control = kaolinite), and c complement system (release of C3a-desArg, control = inulin) [72]...

Pi (CD18) A leucocyte integrin jS2M 82-MicrogJobulin /3-TG -Thromboglobulin B7/BB1 Known to be expressed on B cell blasts and immunostimulatory dendritic cells... 

Van Damme, J., Rampart, M., Conings, R., Decock, B., Van Osselaaer, N., Willems, J., Billiau, A. (1990). The neutrophil-activating proteins Interleukin 8 and j9-thromboglobulin In vitro and in vivo comparison of NH2-terminally processed forms. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 2113-18. 

Increased prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet aggregation time, platelet count, and factors II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, Vll-X complex, ll-VII-X complex, and -thromboglobulin decreased antithrombin III, antifactor Xa increased fibrinogen, plasminogen, norepinephrine-induced platelet aggregability. 

Van Hulsteijn H, Kolff J, Briet E, et al. Fibrinopeptide A and 13-thromboglobulin in patients angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1984 107 39—45. 

Nakamura, T., Ebihara, I., Shoji, H., Ushiyama, C., Suzuki, S., Koide, H. Treatment with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber reduces platelet activation in septic shock patients decrease in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin. Inflamm Res 48 (1999) 171-175. 

When 50 bipolar lithium patients were compared with 30 healthy controls, platelet counts were similar, but the lithium group had higher concentrations of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4, suggesting lithium-induced platelet activation (338). 

These authors have demonstrated that plasma levels of P-thromboglobulin and soluble P-selectin, two markers of platelet activation, are elevated in hypertensive patients. 

Hemostasis can be impaired by both surgery and general anesthetics (45). Fentanyl, halothane, and enflurane enhance fibrinoljdic activity significantly (46). In addition, there was a raised plasma beta-thromboglobulin concentration (a good indicator of platelet activation) in 61 patients after the use of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane compared with controls (47). 

Walz, A. and Baggiolini, M. (1989). Novel cleavage product of B-thromboglobulin formed in cultures of stimulated mononuclear cells activates human neutropils. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 159, 969-975. 

Both platelet factor 4 (PF4) and beta thromboglobulin (BTG) are secreted when platelets aggregate. PF4 has a short... 

Some platelet release factors (e.g., serotonin and ADP from dense granules) enhance platelet aggregation on foreign surfaces, while the roles of others (platelet factor 4 with its heparin neutralizing activity (HNA) and P thromboglobulin from a granules) remain to be clarified. 

Two clinical studies have demonstrated that aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death by up to 50% in patients with unstable angina, suggesting an important role for thromboxane A2 in their occur-rence . Whether platelet activation and thromboxane A2 also play a role in the episodic ischaemia of unstable angina is unknown. Evidence of platelet activation " in patients with unstable angina based on plasma levels of platelet granule proteins, such as j8-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4, is difficult to interpret since such measurements are highly sensitive to ex vivo platelet activation . Similarly, studies of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis have been... 

Kaplan, K. and Owen, J. (1981). Plasma levels of j8-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo. Blood, 57, 199-202... 

---