Three-Dimensional Effects

Selected art in the text is supported by dynamic media. Students can view motion, three-dimensional effects, and atomic and molecular interactions to learn to visualize as chemists do—at a molecular level. 

Equations (6.59)-(6.61) represent a highly simplified scheme for evaluating various catalyst layer designs. Refinements of this crude framework for evaluating catalyst layer performance should address all transport limitations, account for water accumulation, and include two- and three-dimensional effects. 

Grinstein, F.F., and K. Kailasanath. 1996. Exothermicity and three-dimensional effects in unsteady propane square jets. 26th Symposium (International) on Combustion Proceedings. Pittsburgh, PA The Combustion Institute. 91-96. 

Acrylic emulsions tend to flow nicely leveling out rather than giving a three-dimensional effect sometimes offered in various oils. In the absence of a pigment, acrylic emulsions give a milky white appearance. As the water evaporates, the binder particles coalesce forming a tight film. When dried, the film is clear and becomes water insoluble. 

A recent variant of laminates of this nature is surfaced with two or more transparent overlay sheets, each of which carries a printed pattern that forms part of the whole design the result is to give depth to the design, and a three-dimensional effect. 

In three-dimensional drawings, use dashed lines for lines in the background that are crossed by lines in the foreground to give a greater three-dimensional effect. Make lines in the foreground heavier, as shown below. 

The correct interpretation of an air photo depends not only on the expertise of the interpreter, but also on the resolution of the photo and on the sharpness of its focus, in other words, on the quality of the cameras, films and the photographing technique (e.g., compensation for the motion of the airplane). The technique of stereoscopy in particular has effected great improvements in air photo interpretation. In this technique, two photos of the same area are taken in rapid succession. Due to the motion of the airplane, the angle at which the photos are taken will have changed somewhat in this brief time. If these two slightly different photos are then viewed through a stereoscope, one picture with each eye, the result is a three-dimensional effect that allows for the easy differentiation between raised and flat objects on the ground.1... 

The familiar monocular compound optical microscopes (i.e., microscopes that have a single lens as the eyepiece, or ocular, lens) are being replaced in many laboratories with binocular styles. These microscopes have a single objective lens, but two ocular ones, each in its own eyepiece. Light coming through the objective lens is split into two beams by a prism. Each eye sees the exact same image, so there is no three dimensional effect. 

Rubbing. The lack of pigment from rubbing essentially rules out this method. It is nearly impossible to prepare a rubbing that would convey three-dimensional information. [Jackson et al. asked police artists to try to duplicate the three-dimensional effect, but they could not do it (2).] No brush strokes or directionality of the image exist. 

Three-Dimensional Effects in Field-Flow Fractionation Theory Victor P. Andreev... 

When Z(T) = 1, the one-dimensional Kramers result for a Morse potential is obtained. Thus all three-dimensional effects are incorporated into the factor Z(T). 

The simplest three-dimensional effect imaginable is the one corresponding to the fact that crystals are never infinite, something referred to as the size effect. In the case of nanometric characteristic sizes, the size and shape of the diffracting crystals can be determined. In a crystal free of any other defects, the position of each cell is described by the vector R = ua + vb + wc and the number of cells in each direction is limited. This situation is illustrated by Figure 5.7. 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) scans over a sample surface with a probe of electrons (5-SO kV). Electrons (and photons), backscattered or emitted, produce an image on a cathode-ray tube, scanned synchronously with the beam. Magnification of 20-50,000 are possible with a resolution of about 5 nm. There is a very high depth of field and highly irregular structures are revealed with a three-dimensional effect. 

If the impurity potential is smooth, the process of scattering on them proceeds quasi-classically. In this case no real scattering takes place and the impurity effect may be reduced to the appearance of a random phase of the electron wave function. As has been shown by Zawadowski (1), such impurities do not affect the thermodynamics of the one-dimensional system, in which, however, no phase transitions exist. The finite temperature of the transition arises due to three-dimensional effects which establish the coherent state in the whole volume. The impurities cause the phase shift on each thread, and, as a result, the coherence drops and the transition temperature diminishes. 

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