Thomson definition

The modern absolute temperature definition, suggested by W. Thomson, is based on Carnot cycle A scale whose definition does not depend on a specific substance is called absolute ... 

Thomas Thomson, "On the Daltonian Theory of Definite Proportions in Chemical Combinations," Annals of Philosophy 2 (1813) 3243, on 4142. 

It is clear that the influence of surface geometry upon catalytic activity is extremely complex and many more studies are required before any definitive relationship between catalytic activity and metal particle size can be established. Such studies will require to take cognisance of such factors as the perturbation of surface structure due to the formation of carbidic residues, as noted by Boudart [289] and by Thomson and Webb [95], and by the modification of catalytic properties on adsorption, as noted by Izumi et al. [296—298] and by Groenewegen and Sachtler [299] in studies of the modification of nickel catalysts for enantioselective hydrogenation. Possible effects of the support, as will be discussed in Sect. 6.3, must also be taken into account. 

Faraday was thus able to enunciate his two laws of electrolysis. His second law implied that both matter and electricity were atomic in nature. Faraday was deeply opposed to atomism, especially the theory proposed by John Dalton, and indeed held a very antimaterialist view. It was clear to Faraday, however, that the law of definite proportions also required some sort of atomic theory. What Faraday proposed in the 1840s was that matter was perceived where fines of force met at a particular point in space. A direct experimental outcome of this radical theory was Faraday s discovery in 1845 of the magneto-optical effect and diamagnetism. The field theory that Faraday developed from this was able to solve a number of problems in physics that were not amenable to conventional approaches. This was one reason why field theory was taken up quite quickly by elite natural philosophers such as William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and James Clerk Maxwell. 

That is what Thomson told the world. Would reputable scientists believe him Thomson was not a Becher, creator of phlogiston. He was going to establish definitely the existence of his chemico-physical monstrosity—a disembodied atom of electricity. He was going to prove its reality by calculating its mass. No man ever set himself a more difficult task. And no man, without the dexterity and imagination of Thomson, could have ever hoped to succeed. 

Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen " consider Thomson s formulation of the second law and argue that the variable of the quantum FRs in previous studies should not be considered to be the work. They discuss different definitions of the work in quantum systems and argue for introduction of a new definition. Esposito and Mukamel present transient and steady state FRs as well as JE by developing a quantum mechanical trajectory, and then carrying out a derivation in a similar way to that used for stochastic dynamics. Talkner and Flanggi recently derived a quantum version of the Crooks FR using a characteristic function for the work obtained by Talkner et al ... 

However, J. J. Thomson did not irrefutably establish the particulate nature of matter. It remained until 1909 for Jean Perrin to provide the definitive evidence for atoms, which he did by measuring the motion of microscopic pollen particles suspended in water. His detailed observations of this Brownian motion (named after the botanist Robert Brown) could be explained if it were assumed they were being buffeted about by moving atoms. His observations convinced the scientific community of the validity of the atomic model. Of course, they had been using the... 

The definitions of chiral and the associated terms homochiral and heterochiral made their first appearance in a footnote of a lecture, entitled The Molecular Tactics of a Crystal, that Sir William Thomson, who had been elevated to Lord Kelvin in 1892, delivered to the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club on May 16, 1893. The famous footnote reads ... 

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