Silyl thioacetate-derived

As part of a series of studies on the use of BINOL-Ti(IV) complex 53 as a catalyst in a number of C-C bond-forming reactions, Mikami has reported the aldol addition reactions of thioacetate-derived silyl ketene acetals 55, 56 to a collection of highly functionalized aldehydes (Eq. (8.13)) [28]. As little as 5 mol% of the catalyst mediates the addition reaction and furnishes adducts 57 in excellent yields and up to 96% ee. One of the noteworthy features of the Mikami process is the fact that aldehyde substrates containing polar substituents can be successfully employed, a feature exhibited by few other Lewis-acid-catalyzed aldehyde addition reactions. 

The addition reaction of thioacetate-derived enoxysilanes to the same substrates has also been investigated (Scheme 8-6). Thus, treatment of /< r/-butyl thioacetate-derived silyl thioketene acetal and benzyloxyacetaldehyde, methyl glyoxylate, or pynivates in the presence of as little as 0.5 mol% 68/69 in CH2CI2 at -78 C affords aldol adducts in up to 99% ee [33]. 

In 1988, Mukaiyama et al. reported the Sn(OTf)2-50d-catalyzed asymmetric Michael reaction of a trimethylsilyl enethiolate, CH2=C(SMe)SSiMej (up to 70% ee) [243]. It was proposed that the catalytic reaction proceeded via an Sn(II) enethiolate. They also demonstrated that a BINOL-derived oxotitaniurn catalyzes the Michael addition of ketene silyl thioacetals to a-enone with high enantioselectivity (up to 90% ee) [244]. After this pioneering work other research groups developed new reaction systems for enantioselective Mukaiyama-Michael reactions. 

The addition reaction of fert-butyl thioacetate-derived silyl ketene acetal produces the corresponding aldol adducts in 84% yield and up to 96% enantiomeric excess (Eq. 16). The enantioselectivity of the products was observed to be optimal with toluene as solvent the use of the more polar dichloromethane consistently produced adducts with 10-15% lower enantiomeric excess. The bulkier ferf-butylthioacetate-derived enol silane was found to lead to uniformly higher levels of enantioselectivity than the smaller S-ethyl thioketene acetal. This process is impressive in that it tolerates a wide range of aldehyde substrates for instance, the aldol addition reaction has been successfully conducted with aldehydes substituted with polar functionaUty such as N-Boc amides, chlorides, esters, and 0-benzyl ethers. A key feature of this system when compared to previously reported processes was the abiUty to achieve high levels of stereoselectivity at 0 °C, in contrast to other processes that commonly prescribe operating temperatures of -78 °C. 

The addition of thioacetate-derived silyl ketene acetals to trifluoroacetal-dehyde affords adduct in 96% ee (Eq. 18). The corresponding aldol addition of substituted enolates produces a mixture of syn/anti adducts 55%-89% enantiomeric excess (Eq. 19). 

The polymer-supported Zr catalyst (12) is useful for asymmetric aza-Diels-Alder cycloaddition of benzaldehyde imine to Danishefsky diene [9]. The 6-substituted BINOL-Zr(IV) catalyst is useful for the enantioselective anft -preferred aldol reaction of benzaldehyde with ketene silyl thioacetal (15) (Scheme 5.5) [ 10]. The calculated charge densities on the oxygen atoms of the BINOL derivatives revealed that there is a good correlation between the charge density and the reactivity of 6-substituted BINOL [ 10]. 

In the reaction of the tin(II) enolate derived from (1) with aldehydes, enantioselectivities are disappointingly low, while good diastereoselectivities are observed. Highly diastereo- and enan-tioselective aldol reactions of propionate derivatives with aldehydes have been achieved by using the ketene silyl thioacetal (7) instead of the tin(II) enolate. The complex (8) produced by mixing tin(n) triflate and the chiral diamine (6) works as an efficient chiral Lewis acid. The reaction of (7) with various aldehydes proceeds smoothly in the presence of (8) and dibutyltin diacetate in dichloromethane to afford the syn aldol adducts in high yields with almost perfect stereochemical control (eq 9). ... 

Keten thioacetals (428) are useful synthetic intermediates and a general method for their preparation is reaction of metalated silyl thioacetals with carbonyl derivatives. ... 

The carbanions derived from thioacetals, however, are typical -synthons. Most frequently used are 1,3-dithianes and C -silylated thioethers (see p. 33f. D. Seebach, 1969, 1973 B.-T. Grobel, 1974,1977). In these derivatives the proton is removed by butyllithium in THF. 

Preparation of a somewhat more complex leukotriene antagonist begins by aldol condensation of the methyl carbanion from quinoline (29-1) with meta-phthalalde-hyde (29-2) to give the stilbene-like derivative (29-3) dimer formation is presumably inhibited by the use of excess aldehyde. Reaction of that product with A,A-dimethyl-3-mercaptopropionamide in the presence of hexa-methylsilazane affords the silyl ether (29-4) of the hemimercaptal. Treatment of that intermediate with ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate leads to the replacement of the silyl ether by sulfur and the formation of the corresponding thioacetal (29-5). Saponification of the ester group leads to the carboxylic acid and thus to verlukast (29-6) [33]. 

Evans et al. recently reported the use of structurally well-defined Sn(II) Lewis acids for the enantioselective aldol addition reactions of a-heterosubstituted substrates [47]. These complexes are readily assembled from Sn(OTf)2 and C2-symmetric bis(oxazoline) ligands. The facile synthesis of these ligands commences with optically active 1,2-diamino alcohols, which are themselves readily available from the corresponding a-amino acids. The Sn(II)-bis(oxazoline) complexes were shown to function optimally as catalysts for enantioselective aldol addition reactions with aldehydes and ketone substrates that are suited to putatively chelate the Lewis acid. For example, use of 10 mol % Sn(II) catalyst, thioacetate, and thiopropionate derived silyl ketene acetals added at -78 °C in dichloromethane to glyoxaldehyde to give hydroxy diesters in superb yields, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity (Eq. 27). The process represents an unusual example wherein 2,3-ant/-aldol adducts are obtained stereoselec-tively. 

Aldol additions to methyl pyruvate by silyl ketene thioacetals have been shown to proceed in high yield and with excellent asymmetric induction (Eq. 28). This process is an uncommon example of catalytic, asymmetric aldol additions to ketones, providing access to synthetically useful compounds. The remarkable ability of the catalyst to differentiate between subtle steric differences of substituents flanking a 1,2-diketone has been elegantly demonstrated in highly enantioselective additions to 2,3-pentane-dione (Eq. 29). Tlie aldol adduct of 5-ferr-butyl thiopropionate derived silyl ketene acetal afforded 2,3-anh-aldol adduct (>99 1 antilsyn) in 98 % ee and 97 3 chemoselec-tivity for the methyl ketone. 

The first total synthesis of the nucleoside antibiotic herbicidin B was accomplished in the laboratory of A. Matsuda. The key step was a novel aldol-type C-glycosidation reaction promoted by Sml2 between a 1-phenylthio-2-ulose derivative and a 1- 3-D-xylosyladenine-5 -aldehyde derivative. During the preparation of the phenylthio sugar subunit, the Moffatt oxidation was applied to convert the primary alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde, which was immediately oxidized with PDC in DMF/MeOH to the methyl ester. The reaction conditions were completely compatible with the silyl protecting group as well as the thioacetal functionality. 

Mukaiyama et al. have shown that a BINOL-derived oxotitanium catalyzes the asymmetric aldol reaction of aldehydes with thioester silyl enolates [147]. In the presence of the chiral complex (20mol%), the TBS enolate of S-t-butyl thioacetate reacts smoothly with aromatic and a,/ -unsaturated aldehydes in toluene to give silylated aldols in high yields with moderate to good enantioselectivity (91-98%, 36-85% ee). The use of the TBS enolate of S-ethyl thioacetate results in lower enantioselectivity. 

The utihty of Cu(II)-box complex 96 for asymmetric Mukaiyama-Michael reaction has been intensively studied by Evans et al. (Scheme 10.91) ]248]. In the presence of HFIP fhe 96-catalyzed reaction of S-t-butyl thioacetate TMS enolate with alkylidene malonates provides fhe Michael adducts in high chemical and optical yield. HFIP plays a crucial role in inducing catalyst turnover. Slow addition of the silyl enolate to a solution of 96, alkylidene malonates, and HFIP is important in achieving high yields, because fhe enolate is susceptible to protonolysis with HFIP in fhe presence of 96. The glutarate ester products are readily decarboxylated to provide chiral 1,5-dicarbonyl synthons. Quite recenfly, Sibi et al. reported enantioselective synthesis of t -amino acid derivatives by Cu( 11)-box-catalyzed conjugate addition of silyl enolates to aminomefhylenemalonates ]249]. 

The silyl ketene acetal derived from t-butyl thioacetate is much more selective than that derived from t-butyl acetate which gives a low ratio (< 2 1). With stereogenic enolsilanes usually two of the four possible diastereoisomers were obtained using stannic chloride or... 

Additions of non-stereogenic enolsilanes to a-methyl-3-alkoxy aldehyde 8 were reported to proceed with high selectivity. Chelation control was obtained with TiCl4 due to the formation of the 1 1 complex 9 which was shown to be quite rigid and essentially conformationally locked. Similarly to other cases discussed above the acetate derived silyl ketene acetal was found much less selective than the thioacetate. ... 

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