Thinking without words

The basic fact in these three sentences is the same, but the information and emotion communicated changes dramatically with the simple change of the verb. Do you think the word devour carries a positive or a negative connotation Does the writer approve of Janet s chocolate obsession You probably can t answer these questions without more context in additional sentences the word devour could be an implied criticism or just an amusing way to describe Janet s chocolate habit. 

With these words, E. J. Corey defines for us the concept of retro-synthetic analysis for which he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1990. Nowadays, it has become routine to think about a target molecule in terms of its retrosynthetic analysis. Furthermore, it is hard to imagine how chemists developed synthetic strategies prior to the formulation of these concepts in the 1960s, without thinking, at least subconsciously, in these terms about complex organic structures. 

Addressing the second question first leads to a critical constraint when thinking about new, more sustainable, technological developments, that is, the universal applicability of the laws of thermodynamics to aU physical, chemical and biological processes. A central and inescapable fact is the inevitability of waste formation. One statement of the second law of thermodynamics says that heat cannot be converted completely into work. Or, in other words, the energy output of work is always less than the energy transformed to accomplish it. A consequence of this is that, even in principle, it is impossible for any real process to proceed without the generation of some sort of waste. 

This wording may be considered as duplication, because one can hardly think of continuous titration without automation however, the intention is simply to stress its character as an alternative to automated discontinuous titrations. The principle of continuous titration can be illustrated best by Fig. 5.151 it applies to a steady stream of sample (C). Now, let us assume at first that the analyte concentration is on specification, i.e., it agrees with the analyte concentration of the standard (B). If, when one mixes the titrant (A) with the sample stream (C), the mass flow (equiv./s) of titrant precisely matches the mass flow of analyte, then the resulting mixture is on set-point. However, when the analyte concentration fluctuates, the fluctuations are registered by the sensor it is clear that the continuous measurement by mixing A and C is only occasionally interrupted by alternatively mixing A and B in order to check the titrant for its constancy. 

Roshash I was thinking of this in terms of the transcription versus protein only issue it is a pretty good argument that we might have expected that the kinases would allow it to continue to cycle. In other words, if there is a way to estabhsh an oscillator without the transcriptional circuitry (kinases and post-transcriptional regulation only), one might have expected persistent protein cychng. 

But here, perhaps, some of my younger Readers may ask how a woman in Flatland can make herself invisible. This ought, I think, to be apparent without any explanation. However, a few words will make it clear to the most unreflecting. 

Once you think you know what idea the answer word needs to express, look at the answers. If you see an answer choice that seems to match your idea, try plugging the answer into the sentence to see if it is internally consistent. That means, check to see if it fits into the sentence without introducing any new idea. If it seems to fit, but brings in an idea you can t find anywhere else in the sentence, it s the wrong answer. 

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