Thickening diagram

A feed stream to be clarified or thickened can exist at any state represented within this diagram. As it becomes concentrated owing to sedimentation, it may pass through all the regimes, and the settling rate in any one may be the size-determining factor for the required equipment. 

Fig. 6. Comparative projections along the c axis of the diol molecules and the canals they enclose in 1, 2,3,8 and 9. The bond thickening signifies depth in individual molecules only, because the helical characteristic is absent from these projections of the lattice. The canal boundaries are marked as the intersecting projected van der Waals spheres of the hydrogen atoms which line the canals. All five diagrams are presented on the same scale. Significant hydrogen atoms are marked as filled circles, and the spines are circled...

Figure 10.52 Schematic diagram illustrating swelling of polyacid thickener and comparison with oil-in-water emulsion [371]...

This method of calculation may be applied to any system, provided that streams of material do not enter or leave at some intermediate point. If the washing system alone were considered, such as that shown in Figure 10.12, the insoluble solid would be introduced, not as fresh solid free of solvent, but as the underflow from the thickener in which the mixture from the agitator is separated. Thus x0 would lie on the line EF instead of on the A-axis of the diagram. 

Figure 24 Schematic Evans diagram and polarization curve illustrating the origin of the negative hysteresis observed upon cyclic polarization for materials that do not pit. Line a represents the (unchanging) cathodic Evans line. Line b represents the anodic Evans line during the anodically directed polarization, while line c represents the anodic Evans line for the material after its passive film has thickened because of the anodic polarization. The higher corrosion potential observed for the return scan (E (back)) is due to the slowing of the anodic dissolution kinetics.

In an environment with a constant redox condition (e.g., permanently aerated and/or constant pH), a condition not uncommon in industrial and environmental situations, corr could shift in the positive direction for a number of reasons. Incongruent dissolution of an alloy could lead to surface ennoblement. Alternatively, as corrosion progresses, the formation of a corrosion product deposit could polarize (i.e., increase the overpotential, i), for) the anodic reaction as illustrated in the Evans diagram of Fig. 4. Polarization in this manner may be due to the introduction of anodic concentration polarization in the deposit as the rate of transport of dissolved metal species away from the corroding surface becomes steadily inhibited by the thickening of the surface deposit i.e., the anodic half-reaction becomes transport controlled. 

Figure 1-2 Basic Shear Diagram of Shear Rate versus Shear Stress for Classification of Time-Independent Fiow Behavior of Fiuid Foods Newtonian, Shear-Thinning, and Shear-Thickening. Also, some foods have yield stress that must be exceeded for flow to occur Bingham and Herschel-Bulkley (H-B).

F re 1-3 Basic Shear Diagram Similar to Figure 1-2, Except that Shear Stress is Plotted as the Independent Variable Newtonian, Shear-Thickening, Bingham, and Herschel-Bulldey. 

FIGURE 6.7 Diagram of a single deck mechanical thickener for producing a clear supernatant and a solids enriched slurry from a pulp suspension in water. Slow-moving rakes transport sedimented solids toward thickened pulp outlet, and an exit valve for this stream allows control of the solid/liquid ratio. 

Fig. 8 (A) Coexistence of a VGCF and an SWNT (with a diameter of about 20 nm) obtained by the catalytic decomposition of benzene. (From Ref l) The deposition of a partial carbon layer on a carbon nanotube during the thickening process is observed. (B) Double-walled carbon nanotube (obtained by benzene decomposition) and subsequently heat treated at 2800 °C, yielding the same structure as nanotubes prepared by the arc method. (From Ref l) Insert is a schematic diagram of DWNTs. (From Ref (C) Fligh-resolution transmission electron microscope image of two crossing SWNTs coated with amorphous carbons indicates that the structure consists of an individual graphene cylinder in projection. (From Ref. . )...

Fig. 5 Flow diagram of the dual-alkali scrubber process, using lime to regenerate the sodium alkali. The clarified liquid from the thickener contains dissolved calcium sulfate, which would produce calcium carbonate scale in the scrubber when it contacts the carbon dioxide in the flue gas. It is therefore precipitated in the softening reactor by a combination of carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate, and the resulting calcium carbonate precipitate is removed by the hydrocyclone.

Fig. 8.9 a) Diagram b) photograph of a circular thickener/clarifier (according to EIMCO, Div. Baker Hughes, South Walpole, MA, USA)... 

Fig. 4.27. Schematic diagram of conventional activated sludge process. 1 — wastewater, 2 — air supply, 3 — sludge return, 4 — clarified effluent, 5 — waste sludge, A — aeration basin, B primary sedimentation tank, C — secondary sedimentation (thickening) tank... 

Scheme I. Reaction diagram for the synthesis of a diblock HEUR thickener.

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