Reactions thermonuclear

Wie kann man einen Helium-Kern im Potenzial-Topf kochen  

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E. Tamm and A. D. Sakharov, in M. A. Leontovich, ed.. Plasma Physics and the Problem of Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961. 

Most modem projectiles and virtually all missiles contain explosives. The plasmas that result from explosives are intrinsic to operation of warheads, bombs, mines, and related devices. Nuclear weapons and plasmas are intimately related. Plasmas are an inevitable result of the detonation of fission and fusion devices and are fundamental to the operation of fusion devices. Compressed pellets, in which a thermonuclear reaction occurs, would be useful militarily for simulation of the effects of nuclear weapons on materials and devices. 

There is a very low cosmic abundance of boron, but its occurrence at all is surprising for two reasons. First, boron s isotopes are not involved in a star s normal chain of thermonuclear reactions, and second, boron should not survive a star s extreme thermal condition. The formation of boron has been proposed to arise predominantly from cosmic ray bombardment of interstellar gas in a process called spallation (1). 

In view of the success of von Neumann s machine-based hydrodynamics in 1944, and at about the time when the fission bomb was ready, some scientists at Los Alamos were already thinking hard about the possible design of a fusion bomb. Von Neumann invited two of them, Nicholas Metropolis and Stanley Frankel, to try to model the immensely complicated issue of how jets from a fission device might initiate thermonuclear reactions in an adjacent body of deuterium. Metropolis linked... 

When the temperature of a contracting mass of hydrogen and helium atoms reaches about 10 K, a sequence of thermonuclear reactions is possible of which the most important are as shown in Table 1.2. 

Thermonuclear Reactions , Gordon Breach, NY (1964) 10) B.B. Kadomtsev, Plasma... 

If an external body is engulfed, it can enrich the star with the original interstellar medium abundances of 6Li, 7Li, 9Be and 10,11B (written here in increasing order of hardness to be destroyed by thermonuclear reactions). This mechanism is then supposed to produce stellar enrichment of these elements up to the maximum meteoritic value. Also, the engulfing star will suffer a rotational increase due to the gain of the planet momentum and a thermal expansion phenomenon due to the penetration of the body provoking mass loss phenomena (Siess Livio 1999). An extension to this scenario has been proposed by Denissenkov Weiss (2000) in order to explain supermeteoritic Li abundance values, via a combination of stellar rotation and activation of the 7Be mechanism at the base of the convective layer produced by the penetration of the external body. 

Stars of mass greater than 1.4 solar masses have thermonuclear reactions that generate heavier elements (see Table 4.3) and ultimately stars of approximately 20 solar masses are capable of generating the most stable nucleus by fusion processes, Fe. The formation of Fe terminates all fusion processes within the star. Heavier elements must be formed in other processes, usually by neutron capture. The ejection of neutrons during a supernova allows neutron capture events to increase the number of neutrons in an atomic nucleus. Two variations on this process result in the production of all elements above Fe. A summary of nucleosynthesis processes is summarised in Table 4.4. Slow neutron capture - the s-process - occurs during the collapse of the Fe core of heavy stars and produces some higher mass elements, however fast or rapid neutron capture - the r-process - occurs during the supernova event and is responsible for the production of the majority of heavy nuclei. 

Essentially all deuterium in the Universe is believed to come from BBNS, because thermonuclear reactions in stars only cause net destruction of D and it is vastly... 

In the spring of 2002, the research group of Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL] has reported [1] that if USW is irradiated on deuterated acetone (C3D60), nuclear emission is observed and the thermonuclear reactions ... 

On the basis of the presented oscillator-wave model it is also possible to create heuristic models of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with plasma particles in the Earth s ionosphere and magnetosphere, heuristic models of the generation of powerful low-frequency waves in the space around the Earth when a cosmic electromagnetic background is present etc. High-efficient sub-millimeter emitter, built on this basis, could be suitable for radio-physical heating of plasma, e.g. in the experiments aimed the achievement of controlable thermonuclear reaction [ ] ... 

The D/H ratio of the sun is essentially zero all the primordial deuterium originally present has been converted into He dnring thermonuclear reactions. Analysis of primitive meteorites is the next best approach of estimating the hydrogen isotope composition of the solar system. 

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