Introduction Thermodynamics

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The theories with internal variables provide detailed description of microstructure by introducing additional variables relevant to the microstructure of the system, and enlarge the domain of application of thermodynamics. Introduction of internal variables may lead a possibility to include the influence of microstructural effects into the description of a macroscopic phenomenon without changing of space and time scales. There are two types of internal variables internal degrees of freedom and internal variables of state. Internal variables of state must have no inertia and they produce no external work. Internal degrees of freedom, on the other hand, have both inertia and flux. 

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